6,919 research outputs found
Star clusters in M33: updated UBVRI photometry, ages, metallicities, and masses
The photometric characterization of M33 star clusters is far from complete.
In this paper, we present homogeneous photometry of 708 star clusters
and cluster candidates in M33 based on archival images from the Local Group
Galaxies Survey, which covers 0.8 deg along the galaxy's major axis. Our
photometry includes 387, 563, 616, 580, and 478 objects in the bands,
respectively, of which 276, 405, 430, 457, and 363 do not have previously
published photometry. Our photometry is consistent with previous
measurements (where available) in all filters. We adopted Sloan Digital Sky
Survey photometry for complementary purposes, as well as Two Micron
All-Sky Survey near-infrared photometry where available. We fitted the
spectral-energy distributions of 671 star clusters and candidates to derive
their ages, metallicities, and masses based on the updated {\sc parsec} simple
stellar populations synthesis models. The results of our minimization
routines show that only 205 of the 671 clusters () are older than 2 Gyr,
which represents a much smaller fraction of the cluster population than that in
M31 (), suggesting that M33 is dominated by young star clusters (
Gyr). We investigate the mass distributions of the star clusters---both open
and globular clusters---in M33, M31, the Milky Way, and the Large Magellanic
Cloud. Their mean values are , 5.43, 2.72, and
4.18, respectively. The fraction of open to globular clusters is highest in the
Milky Way and lowest in M31. Our comparisons of the cluster ages, masses, and
metallicities show that our results are basically in agreement with previous
studies (where objects in common are available); differences can be traced back
to differences in the models adopted, the fitting methods used, and stochastic
sampling effects.Comment: 32 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ
An updated catalog of M31 globular-like clusters: UBVRI photometry, ages, and masses
We present an updated UBVRI photometric catalog containing 970 objects in the
field of M31, selected from the Revised Bologna Catalog (RBC v.4.0), including
965, 967, 965, 953, and 827 sources in the individual UBVRI bands,
respectively, of which 205, 123, 14, 126, and 109 objects do not have
previously published photometry. Photometry is performed using archival images
from the Local Group Galaxies Survey, which covers 2.2 deg^2 along the major
axis of M31. We focus on 445 confirmed `globular-like' clusters and candidates,
comprising typical globular and young massive clusters. The ages and masses of
these objects are derived by comparison of their observed spectral-energy
distributions with simple stellar population synthesis. Approximately half of
the clusters are younger than 2 Gyr, suggesting that there has been significant
recent active star formation in M31, which is consistent with previous results.
We note that clusters in the halo (r_ projected>30kpc) are composed of two
different components, older clusters with ages >10 Gyr and younger clusters
with ages around 1 Gyr. The spatial distributions show that the young clusters
(<2 Gyr) are spatially coincident with the galaxy's disk, including the `10 kpc
ring,' the `outer ring,' and the halo of M31, while the old clusters (> 2 Gyr)
are spatially correlated with the bulge and halo. We also estimate the masses
of the 445 confirmed clusters and candidates in M31 and find that our estimates
agree well with previously published values. We find that none of the young
disk clusters can survive the inevitable encounters with giant molecular clouds
in the galaxy's disk and that they will eventually disrupt on timescales of a
few Gyr. Specifically, young disk clusters with a mass of 10^4 M_\odot are
expected to dissolve within 3.0 Gyr and will, thus, not evolve to become
globular clusters.Comment: 35 pages, 20 figures and 5 tables, accepted for publication in Ap
IC-processed micro-motors: design, technology, and testing
Micro-motors having rotors with diameters between 60 and 120 μm have been fabricated and driven electrostatically to continuous rotation. These motors were built using processes derived from IC (integrated circuit) microcircuit fabrication techniques. Initial tests on the motors show that friction plays a dominant role in their dynamic behavior. Observed rotational speeds have thus far been limited to several hundred r.p.m., which is a small fraction of what would be achievable if only natural frequency were to limit the response. Experimental starting voltages are at least an order of magnitude larger than had been expected (60 V at minimum and above 100 V for some structures). Observations of asynchronous as well as synchronous rotation between the driving fields and the rotors can be explained in terms of the torque/rotor-angle characteristics for the motors
Integrated movable micromechanical structures for sensors and actuators
Movable pin-joints, gears, springs, cranks, and slider structures with dimensions measured in micrometers have been fabricated using silicon microfabrication technology. These micromechanical structures, which have important transducer applications, are batch-fabricated with an IC-compatible process. The movable mechanical elements are built on layers that are later removed so that they are freed for translation and rotation. An undercut-and-refill technique, which makes use of the high surface mobility of silicon atoms undergoing chemical vapor deposition, is used to refill undercut regions in order to form restraining flanges. Typical element sizes and masses are measured in micrometers and nanograms. The process provides the tiny structures in an assembled form avoiding the nearly impossible challenge of handling such small elements individually
The star cluster mass--galactocentric radius relation: Implications for cluster formation
Whether or not the initial star cluster mass function is established through
a universal, galactocentric-distance-independent stochastic process, on the
scales of individual galaxies, remains an unsolved problem. This debate has
recently gained new impetus through the publication of a study that concluded
that the maximum cluster mass in a given population is not solely determined by
size-of-sample effects. Here, we revisit the evidence in favor and against
stochastic cluster formation by examining the young ( a few yr-old) star cluster mass--galactocentric radius relation in M33, M51,
M83, and the Large Magellanic Cloud. To eliminate size-of-sample effects, we
first adopt radial bin sizes containing constant numbers of clusters, which we
use to quantify the radial distribution of the first- to fifth-ranked most
massive clusters using ordinary least-squares fitting. We supplement this
analysis with an application of quantile regression, a binless approach to
rank-based regression taking an absolute-value-distance penalty. Both methods
yield, within the to uncertainties, near-zero slopes in the
diagnostic plane, largely irrespective of the maximum age or minimum mass
imposed on our sample selection, or of the radial bin size adopted. We conclude
that, at least in our four well-studied sample galaxies, star cluster formation
does not necessarily require an environment-dependent cluster formation
scenario, which thus supports the notion of stochastic star cluster formation
as the dominant star cluster-formation process within a given galaxy.Comment: ApJ, in press, 39 pages in AAS preprint format, 10 multi-panel
figures (some reduced in size to match arXiv compilation routines
Contingency-Constrained Unit Commitment with Post-Contingency Corrective Recourse
We consider the problem of minimizing costs in the generation unit commitment
problem, a cornerstone in electric power system operations, while enforcing an
N-k-e reliability criterion. This reliability criterion is a generalization of
the well-known - criterion, and dictates that at least
fraction of the total system demand must be met following the failures of
or fewer system components. We refer to this problem as the
Contingency-Constrained Unit Commitment problem, or CCUC. We present a
mixed-integer programming formulation of the CCUC that accounts for both
transmission and generation element failures. We propose novel cutting plane
algorithms that avoid the need to explicitly consider an exponential number of
contingencies. Computational studies are performed on several IEEE test systems
and a simplified model of the Western US interconnection network, which
demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods relative to current
state-of-the-art
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