Diffusiophoresis in non-adsorbing polymer solutions: the Asakura-Oosawa model and stratification in drying films

A colloidal particle placed in an inhomogeneous solution of smaller non-adsorbing polymers will move towards regions of lower polymer concentration, in order to reduce the free energy of the interface between the surface of the particle and the solution. This phenomenon is known as diffusiophoresis. Treating the polymer as penetrable hard spheres, as in the Asakura-Oosawa model, a simple analytic expression for the diffusiophoretic drift velocity can be obtained. In the context of drying films we show that diffusiophoresis by this mechanism can lead to stratification under easily accessible experimental conditions. By stratification we mean spontaneous formation of a layer of polymer on top of a layer of the colloid. Transposed to the case of binary colloidal mixtures, this offers an explanation for the stratification observed recently in these systems [A. Fortini et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 118301 (2016)]. Our results emphasise the importance of treating solvent dynamics explicitly in these problems, and caution against the neglect of hydrodynamic interactions or the use of implicit solvent models in which the absence of solvent backflow results in an unbalanced osmotic force which gives rise to large but unphysical effects.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure

Disorder-Induced Stabilization of the Pseudogap in Strongly Correlated Systems

The interplay of strong interaction and strong disorder, as contained in the Anderson-Hubbard model, is addressed using two non-perturbative numerical methods: the Lanczos algorithm in the grand canonical ensemble at zero temperature and Quantum Monte Carlo. We find distinctive evidence for a zero-energy anomaly which is robust upon variation of doping, disorder and interaction strength. Its similarities to, and differences from, pseudogap formation in other contexts, including perturbative treatments of interactions and disorder, classical theories of localized charges, and in the clean Hubbard model, are discussed.Comment: 4.2 pages, 4 figure

A Deep Multicolor Survey I. Imaging Observations and Catalog of Stellar Objects

We have used the KPNO 4-meter Mayall telescope to image 0.83 square degrees of sky in six fields at high galactic latitude in six filters spanning 3000-10000\AA\ to magnitude limits ranging from 22.1 to 23.8. We have assembled a catalog of 21,375 stellar objects detected in the fields for use primarily in conducting a multicolor search for quasars. This paper describes the data reduction techniques used on the CCD data, the methods used to construct the stellar object catalog, and the simulations performed to understand its completeness and contamination.Comment: To Appear in ApJ Supplement, 1996. 168k uuencoded gunzipped tarred tex file (requires aas2pp4.sty and tighten.sty) and 4 PostScript figures. Also available at http://astro.as.arizona.edu/~pathall/astro.html#preprint

Stages of Habitat Structural Trend That are Related to Ungulate Browsing

To maintain their structural identity, communities of tall-growing trees and shrubs depend on the growth of young plants to replace mature individuals that die. Ungulate browsing influences that structure by permitting or preventing the height growth of young plants. The resulting changes in structure are indicted by the browsing-related architectures of plants that grow within the browse zone, i.e., those ? 2.5 m tall. Using examples from six National Wildlife Refuges, we describe six stages of structural trend and their management implications: 1) Structure is Stable, i.e., all plants have Uninterrupted-growthtype architecture; 2) Early Stage of Structural Decline most or all plants have Arrested- or Retrogressed-type architecture and there is no visible evidence of dieback; 3) Intermediate Stage of Structural Decline, i.e., all plants have Arrested- or Retrogressed-type architecture, dieback is apparent, and live stems extend throughout the lower half of the browse zone; 4) Advanced Stage of Decline, i.e., all plants have Arrested- or Retrogressed-type architecture and live stems are restricted to the lowest part of the browse zone; 5) Structure is Lost, i.e., no live plants; and 6) Recovery of Structural Diversity, i.e., there is evidence that the Early, Intermediate, or Advanced Stage of Decline existed, and that young Uninterrupted-growth type plants are growing into the browse zone. Three factors influence the rate-of-change from one stage to another: Susceptibility, Resistance, and Resilience. Because the stages are independent of species composition, they provide a means of comparing the effect of browsing in diverse habitats across a region

A Review of Biologic Therapies Targeting IL-23 and IL-17 for Use in Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis

International audienceThis paper presents numerical crack propagations in case of explicit dynamics, and applied to eXtended Finite Element Method. The interest of this method is non remeshing. Hence the crack propagates through the constant mesh. Only some elements cut by the crack can have critical time step close to zero. To avoid this case, the lumping technique of mass matrix will allow to obtain the same critical time step than the case without crack: a crack and its propagation do not modify the critical time step of the whole structure. To conclude, we have $\Delta t_\text{c}^\text{X-FEM} = \Delta t_\text{c}^\text{FEM}$ for some elements.Ce papier traite de la simulation numérique de propagation dynamique de fissure dans le cas particulier de calcul explicite, et appliquée à la méthode des éléments finis étendus. L'intérêt de cette méthode est le non-remaillage. Effectivement, la fissure se propage dans le maillage invariant. Seulement certains éléments, coupés par la fissure, peuvent avoir des pas de temps critiques de calcul presque nuls. Pour s'affranchir de ces cas pénalisant le calcul, la méthode de diagonalisation de matrice de masse va permettre d'obtenir le même pas de temps critique que le cas sans fissure : l'introduction d'une fissure et sa propagation ne modifie pas le pas de temps critique de la structure. Au final, on a dans certains cas $\Delta t_\text{c}^\text{X-FEM} = \Delta t_\text{c}^\text{FEM}$

Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease that affects 1%–2% of the European and North American population. While topical agents such as corticosteroids and vitamin D derivatives are prescribed for mild disease, they are generally unable to adequately control patients with more severe disease. Over the past decade, research into the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis, including investigations into the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and more recently interleukins (IL) 12/23, has led to the advent of targeted biologic therapies based on the central role of a new subset of T cells, Th17. Because of their increased specificity, biologic agents have revolutionized short- to medium-term treatment outcomes and safety profiles for moderate to severe disease over previously gold standard systemic agents. The immunopathogenesis of the disease is still a focus for researchers and novel targets for future agents are being discovered and investigated in clinical trials. In particular, specifically targeting the IL-23/Th17 pathway has given rise to IL-23p19 and IL-17 antagonists, both of which have shown significant promise in clinical trials. IL-22 is involved in keratinocyte proliferation and is being studied as a treatment target for psoriasis. New small molecule oral agents, including Janus kinase and phosphodiesterase inhibitors are currently in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials

Genetic susceptibility to psoriasis: an emerging picture

Psoriasis is recognized as a complex disease for which multiple genetic and non-genetic factors influence susceptibility. The major susceptibility locus resides in the MHC class I region and, until relatively recently, evidence for non-MHC loci was inconsistent. Like many common diseases, knowledge of the genetic basis of this condition has been advanced dramatically in recent times with the advent of genome-wide association studies using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Here, we give an overview of current knowledge of genetic risk factors for psoriasis and consider emerging studies that may further add to our understanding of the genetic basis of the disease

from Covered Interest Rate Parity

This paper presents preliminary findings and is being distributed to economists and other interested readers solely to stimulate discussion and elicit comments. The views expressed in the paper are those of the authors and are not necessarily reflective of views at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors. Capital Constraints, Counterparty Risk, and Deviation