Patronazgo y clientela. Honor, guerra y festines en las relaciones sociales de dependencia del Bronce Final atlántico en la Península Ibérica

Este artículo ofrece un modelo antropológico para comprender el fenómeno del Bronce Final Atlántico en la Península Ibérica entre 1300-800 Ae. Se propone que dicho periodo es la expresión de un modo de articulación especial de la sociedad, donde los linajes estuvieron escasamente jerarquizados, dentro de una economía basada en la ganadería extensiva aprovechando tierras relativamente pobres, con inversión limitada en agricultura intensiva. Las densidades de población fueron bajas, y los territorios extensos, con núcleos de población frecuentemente distantes unos de otros. El liderazgo y la promoción social fueron posibles en estas condiciones por la acumulación de excedentes ganaderos, y su empleo para la creación de lazos de patronazgo y clientela. Fueron precisamente estas relaciones personales de honor y lealtad las que se superpondrán sobre las obligaciones previas de parentesco. Por tales circunstancias, el Bronce Final Atlántico debe ser visto fundamentalmente como un proceso de reorientación del sistema social previo, y no simplemente como una red de intercambios, donde la competición por honores y riqueza material tuvo un papel preponderante entre los hombres, y en la que el honor y sus obligaciones fue más apreciado que el parentesco.This essay offers an anthropologically based model for understanding the Atlantic Late Bronze Age phenomenon in the Iberian Peninsula between 1300-800 Be. It proposes that the Atlantic Bronze Age is the expression of a particular social articulation, where lineages were weakly organized into a hierarchy, and where the economic basis comprised extensive stockraising in relatively poor landscapes, with limited investrnent in fixed agriculture. It is precisely the personal relationships ff honour and loyalty that supersede the previous patterns ofkinship obligation. Therefore, the Atlantic Bronze Age can be seen as a fundamental social re-orientation from previous pattems of organisation and dependency, and not simply a trading network, where competition for honour and material wealth took place among males, and where honour was prized more than kinship

Magnetic meteorites and the early solar system

Today, the Earth generates a magnetic field through convection of the electrically conducting molten iron in its outer core. Core convection is governed by the thermal and chemical processes that operate deep within our planet; thus measurements of the intensity and direction of the magnetic field can provide insights into the thermochemical state of the Earth's interior. Crustal rocks can also record and preserve a memory of the field they experienced as they were forming. Paleomagnetic measurements can therefore provide records of ancient magnetic activity and, by extension, the internal conditions of our planet in the past (Tarduno et al. 2014). A combination of paleomagnetic and present-day magnetic measurements therefore allow us to study the long-term and large-scale evolution of our planet over billions of years; this method could also potentially allow us to predict how it may behave in the future

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of phytoene desaturase in diploid and octoploid strawberry

Background: Gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 is a simple and powerful tool for elucidating genetic controls and for crop improvement and its use has been reported in a growing number of important food crops, including recently Fragaria. In order to inform application of the technology in Fragaria, we targeted the visible endogenous marker gene PDS (phytoene desaturase) in diploid Fragaria vesca ssp. vesca ‘Hawaii 4’ and octoploid F. × ananassa ‘Calypso’. Results: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of leaf and petiole explants was used for efficient stable integration of constructs expressing plant codon-optimised Cas9 and single guide sequences under control of the Arabidopsis U6-26 consensus promoter and terminator or Fragaria vesca U6III regulatory sequences. More than 80% (‘Hawaii 4’) and 50% (‘Calypso’) putative transgenic shoot lines (multiple shoots derived from a single callus) exhibited mutant phenotypes. Of mutant shoot lines selected for molecular analysis, approximately 75% (‘Hawaii 4’) and 55% (‘Calypso’) included albino regenerants with bi-allelic target sequence variants. Our results indicate the PDS gene is functionally diploid in ‘Calypso’. Conclusion: We demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 may be used to generate biallelic mutants at high frequency within the genomes of diploid and octoploid strawberry. The methodology, observations and comprehensive data set pre- sented will facilitate routine application of this technology in Fragaria to single and multiple gene copy targets where mutant phenotypes cannot be identified visually

AN EMG PROFILE OF LOWER LIMB MUSCLES DURING LINEAR GLIDE AND STANDING SHOT PUTTING

The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive analysis of the phasic muscle activity of 8 lower limb muscles during performance of the shot put field event in track and field athletics. Six shot putters performed 3 standing and 3 full linear glide technique throws. Electromyography (EMG) of 8 lower limb muscles was recorded during the trials and the distance thrown was also measured. A comparison between standing and glide techniques are important from a coaching perspective. An increase in peak muscle activity of the Rectus Femoris was observed between the glide and standing throw, all other lower limb muscles showed no significant increases between the techniques. Results show significant increases between performances of standing and glide throws in female athletes however the mean differences were smaller in the male athletes

Basal rot of narcissus : understanding pathogenicity in fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi

Fusarium oxysporum is a globally distributed soilborne fungal pathogen causing root rots, bulb rots, crown rots and vascular wilts on a range of horticultural plants. Pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates are highly host specific and are classified as formae speciales. Narcissus is an important ornamental crop and both the quality and yield of flowers and bulbs can be severely affected by a basal rot caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. narcissi (FON); 154 Fusarium isolates were obtained from different locations and Narcissus cultivars in the United Kingdom, representing a valuable resource. A subset of 30 F. oxysporum isolates were all found to be pathogenic and were therefore identified as FON. Molecular characterisation of isolates through sequencing of three housekeeping genes, suggested a monophyletic origin with little divergence. PCR detection of 14 Secreted in Xylem (SIX) genes, previously shown to be associated with pathogenicity in other F. oxysporum f. spp., revealed different complements of SIX7, SIX9, SIX10, SIX12 and SIX13 within FON isolates which may suggest a race structure. SIX gene sequences were unique to FON and SIX10 was present in all isolates, allowing for molecular identification of FON for the first time. The genome of a highly pathogenic isolate was sequenced and lineage specific (LS) regions identified which harboured putative effectors including the SIX genes. Real-time RT-PCR, showed that SIX genes and selected putative effectors were expressed in planta with many significantly upregulated during infection. This is the first study to characterise molecular variation in FON and provide an analysis of the FON genome. Identification of expressed genes potentially associated with virulence provides the basis for future functional studies and new targets for molecular diagnostics

A METHOD COMPARISON OF FORCE PLATFORM AND ACCELEROMETER MEASURES IN JUMPING

The purpose of this study was to compare force calculated using accelerometer data from the SHIMMER device, with force platform data on countermovement and drop jumps. Twelve physically active adults performed 5 counter movement jumps and 5 drop jumps from a height of 0.30 m. An accelerometer was attached near the participant’s centre of mass and simultaneous force and acceleration data were obtained for the jumps. Minimum eccentric force and peak concentric force were calculated concurrently for countermovement jumps and peak landing forces were calculated concurrently for drop jumps. The results showed moderate to poor levels of agreement in forces and a consistent systematic bias between the results from the force platform and accelerometer

Cultural expectations of muscularity in men: The evolution of playgirl centerfolds

Abstract: Objective: We sought to assess whether cultural ideals of the male body, as illustrated by magazine models, have changed over the past 25 years. Method: We examined 115 male centerfold models in Playgirl magazine from 1973 to 1997. Using the models’ heights and weights quoted by the magazine, together with visual estimates of body fat, we calculated the body mass index (BMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) of each model. Results: The Playgirl centerfold models became increasingly “dense ” and more muscular over time, as indicated by the significant correlations between BMI, FFMI, and year of publication. Discussion: These observations, in combination with previous studies, suggest that cultural norms of the ideal male body are growing increasingly muscular. © 2000 by John Wiley &amp