Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>With nearly 1,100 species, the fish family Characidae represents more than half of the species of Characiformes, and is a key component of Neotropical freshwater ecosystems. The composition, phylogeny, and classification of Characidae is currently uncertain, despite significant efforts based on analysis of morphological and molecular data. No consensus about the monophyly of this group or its position within the order Characiformes has been reached, challenged by the fact that many key studies to date have non-overlapping taxonomic representation and focus only on subsets of this diversity.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the present study we propose a new definition of the family Characidae and a hypothesis of relationships for the Characiformes based on phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes (4,680 base pairs). The sequences were obtained from 211 samples representing 166 genera distributed among all 18 recognized families in the order Characiformes, all 14 recognized subfamilies in the Characidae, plus 56 of the genera so far considered <it>incertae sedis </it>in the Characidae. The phylogeny obtained is robust, with most lineages significantly supported by posterior probabilities in Bayesian analysis, and high bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A monophyletic assemblage strongly supported in all our phylogenetic analysis is herein defined as the Characidae and includes the characiform species lacking a supraorbital bone and with a derived position of the emergence of the hyoid artery from the anterior ceratohyal. To recognize this and several other monophyletic groups within characiforms we propose changes in the limits of several families to facilitate future studies in the Characiformes and particularly the Characidae. This work presents a new phylogenetic framework for a speciose and morphologically diverse group of freshwater fishes of significant ecological and evolutionary importance across the Neotropics and portions of Africa.</p

UNA NUEVA ESPECIE DE TRINIBACULUM (MONOGENEA: DACTYLOGYRIDAE) PARÁSITO DE LAS BRANQUIAS DE ASTYANAX FASCIATUS (CUVIER, 1819) (CHARACIFORMES: CHARACIDAE) EN UN RÍO NEOTROPICAL, ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, BRASIL

A new species of Monogenea - Trinibaculum pinctiarum n. sp. is described from the gills of Astyanax fasciatus known as "lambari do rabo vermelho", sampled in the Paranapanema River, Jurumirim reservoir, São Paulo State, Brazil. The new species is allocated to the genus Trinibaculum because it has a double ventral bar and dextro-lateral vagina. It is the second species (first species is Trinibaculum altiparanae) belonging to this genus that parasitizes the gills of the fish genus Astyanax. This monogenean is similar to T. altiparanae regarding the haptor structures and the bulbous distal vagina. However, Trinibaculum pinctiarum n. sp. differs in having: (1) coiled male copulatory organ, (2) accessory structure shaped as tweezers, (3) absence of postmedian process in the ventral bar, and (4) hooks with depressed thumb. The phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Trinibaculum (Consistency index = 87%, Retention index = 80%, length = 16) based on 13 transformation series is (Trinibaculum rotundus, T. brazilensis, T. altiparanae, T. pinctiarum n. sp.). Such hypothesis corroborates current phylogenies of characiformes fishes. Moreover, this study includes a new identification key for the species of the genus Trinibaculum based in morphological characters.Una nueva especie de Monogenea Trinibaculum pinctiarum n. sp. fue reportada parasitando las branquias de Astyanax fasciatus, conocido popularmente como "lambarí de rabo rojo", capturado en el río Paranapanema, reservatorio Jurumirim, São Paulo, Brasil. La nueva especie se asigna al género Trinibaculum por la presentación de una barra ventral doble y la apertura vaginal dextrolateral. Esta es la segunda especie, junto con T. altiparanae, perteneciente a este género que parasita las branquias de los peces del género Astyanax. Esta especie se parece con T. altiparanae en las partes del haptor y la presencia de la vagina distal con el bulbo, pero difiere por tener: (1) un órgano copulador masculino enrollado, (2) pieza accesoria en forma de pinza, (3) proceso posteroventral ausente en la barra dorsal, (4) ganchos con el pulgar deprimido. La filogenia hipotética de especies de Trinibaculum (Índice de Consistencia = 87%, Índice de Retención = 80%, longitud = 16) sobre la base de 13 series de transformación es (Trinibaculum rotundus (T. brazilensis (T. altiparanae, Trinibaculum pinctiarum n. sp.))). Esta hipótesis se corrobora con la actual filogenia de los peces characiformes. Además en este estudio se presenta una nueva clave de identificación para las especies del género Trinibaculum basada en caracteres morfológicos

Taxonomy based on science is necessary for global conservation

Peer reviewe

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil

FIGURE 3. Hemigrammus kuroobi, paratype, LBP 7074, 46.3 mm SL, showing light area between humeral blotch and midlateral stripe (arrow).Published as part of Reia, Lais & Benine, Ricardo C., 2019, A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil, pp. 407-415 in Zootaxa 4555 (3) on page 410, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/262454

Hemigrammus kuroobi Reia & Benine 2019, new species

Hemigrammus kuroobi, new species (Tab. 1, Figs. 1–4) Holotype: MZUSP 123957, 45.0 mm SL, Brazil, Amazonas State, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, tributary of the Rio Miuá, Rio Negro basin, 00°06'12"S 66°53'8"W; C. Oliveira, M. Taylor, M. Alexandrou; 14 Aug 2008. Paratypes: LBP 7074, 70, 12.2–48.0 mm SL, 3 C&S, 40.1–44.8 mm SL; MZUSP 123958, 5, 33.2 – 44.7 mm SL; ZUEC 17026, 5, 35.5 – 40.9 mm SL; MNRJ 51330, 5, 28.5 – 36.9 mm SL; INPA 57937, 5, 31.1 –45.0 mm SL: same data as the holotype. Diagnosis. Hemigrammus kuroobi differs from all congeners by having an unique color pattern characterized by a conspicuous humeral blotch clearly spaced from a conspicuous midlateral dark stripe, which extends from fifth or sixth anteriormost vertical scale row to the middle caudal-fin rays, running on the scale row just above the lateral line (vs. midlateral dark stripe, when present, extending from the posterior margin of the eye, humeral blotch, and/or from the vertical through dorsal-fin origin to the caudal-fin rays or to the caudal peduncle). See the discussion section for additional remarks on the diagnosis of the species. Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 1. Largest specimen examined 48.0 mm SL. Body compressed, moderately short, greatest body depth usually located anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head strongly convex from snout tip to vertical through anterior nostrils and slightly concave from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal body profile convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to end of dorsal-fin base, slightly inclined postero-ventrally from end of dorsal-fin to adipose-fin origin, and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from anterior tip of dentary to anal-fin origin, straight along anal-fin base, and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Mouth terminal. Maxilla only reaching the vertical through third infraorbital. Premaxillary teeth in two rows. Inner row with 5*(29) or 6(3) pentacuspid teeth (Fig. 2). Outer row with 3(9), 4*(22), or 5(1) tricuspid teeth, maxilla with 2(3), 3(24), or 4*(5) tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 4*(27), or 5(5) pentacuspid teeth followed by a series of 10–11 small conical or tricuspid teeth (Fig. 2). Central cusp in all teeth more developed than lateral cusps. Scales cycloid, with 5–10 parallel radii from focus to posterior border of scales. Lateral line incomplete, with 9(4), 10(10), 11*(11), 12(6), or 14(1) perforated scales. Total longitudinal lateral line scales 33(12), 34*(11), or 35(9). Scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin 5*(32). Scale rows between lateral line and midventral scale series 5(9) or 6*(23). Scales along supraoccipital process and origin dorsal fin 9(3), 10*(11), 11(15), or 12(3). Circumpeduncular scale rows 13(2), 14*(29), or 15(1). Single row of scales overlaying basal portion of anterior anal-fin rays. Caudal fin with small scales covering proximal two-third of both lobes. Dorsal-fin rays ii(31), 9*(29), 10(1) or 12(1), or iii, 8(1). Pectoral-fin rays i, 9(2), 10*(10), 11(15), 12(5), their tips reaching beyond pelvic-fin origin, when adpressed. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7*(31), or 8(1), their tips not reaching anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays v, 17(3), 18(4), 19(15), or 20*(10). Caudal-fin rays 9+8(3). Caudal fin forked, lobes of similar size, with 11(3) dorsal procurrent rays and 9(2), or 10(1) ventral procurrent rays. First gill arch with 10(6), 11*(18), or 12(7) gill rakers on lower limb and 6*(18), or 7(11) gill rakers on upper limb. Total vertebrae 33(3). Supraneurals 5(3). Color in alcohol. Overall body coloration light to dark brown. Dorsal portion of head darker. Field of chromatophores covering both lips and dorsal portion of maxilla. Infraorbitals beige, with scattered chromatophores. Opercular area beige, with concentrated dark chromatophores. Dorsal portion of body dark brown. A single, vertically elongated, conspicuous dark humeral blotch. Background humeral area lighter, highlighting the humeral blotch (Fig. 3). Conspicuous midlateral dark stripe, extending from fifth or sixth anteriormost vertical scale row to caudal peduncle, running on the scale row just above the lateral line. Midlateral stripe ontogenetically beginning restricted to caudal peduncle, then gradually developing forward, being fully developed in specimens over 30.0 mm SL (Fig. 4 f–l). Adipose fin hyaline, with chromatophores randomly distributed; dorsal, pectoral, pelvic and anal fins hyaline, with chromatophores scattered on interradial membranes, more and densely concentrated on distal margins. Middle caudal-fin rays with moderate concentration of dark chromatophores. Small brownish colored scales covering proximal two-third of caudal-fin lobes. Sexual dimorphism. Mature males (35.9–48.4 mm SL) bear one small bony hook per segment on the posterior branch of the first to fourth branched anal-fin rays. Distribution. Hemigrammus kuroobi is only known from its type locality, a tributary of the Rio Miuá, upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Amazonas, Brazil (Fig. 5). Etymology. The specific epithet “ kuroobi ” is from Japanese Kuro (black) and Obi (band, belt), a martial arts terminology for the black-belt grade, in allusion to the gradual development of the conspicuous longitudinal black stripe of this species.Published as part of Reia, Lais & Benine, Ricardo C., 2019, A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil, pp. 407-415 in Zootaxa 4555 (3) on pages 408-411, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/262454

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil

FIGURE 4. Hemigrammus kuroobi, paratypes. (a) LBP 7074, 12.2 mm SL; (b) LBP 7074, 14.4 mm SL; (c) LBP 7074, 17.4 mm SL; (d) LBP 7074, 19.2 mm SL; (e) LBP 7074, 26.9 mm SL; (f) LBP 7074, 30.0 mm SL; (g) MNRJ 51330, 33.8 mm SL; (h) MNRJ 51330, 36.0 mm SL; (i) ZUEC 17026, 38.1 mm SL; (j) ZUEC 17026, 40.9 mm SL; (k) INPA 57937, 45.0 mm SL; (l) LBP 7074, 48.0 mm SL.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Reia, Lais &amp; Benine, Ricardo C., 2019, A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil, pp. 407-415 in Zootaxa 4555 (3)&lt;/i&gt; on page 412, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.3.9, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2624546"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/2624546&lt;/a&gt

A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil

Reia, Lais, Benine, Ricardo C. (2019): A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 4555 (3): 407-415, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4555.3.