Minimal model of self-replicating nanocells: a physically embodied information-free scenario

The building of minimal self-reproducing systems with a physical embodiment (generically called protocells) is a great challenge, with implications for both theory and applied sciences. Although the classical view of a living protocell assumes that it includes information-carrying molecules as an essential ingredient, a dividing cell-like structure can be built from a metabolism-container coupled system, only. An example of such a system, modeled with dissipative particle dynamics, is presented here. This article demonstrates how a simple coupling between a precursor molecule and surfactant molecules forming micelles can experience a growth-division cycle in a predictable manner, and analyzes the influence of crucial parameters on this replication cycle. Implications of these results for origins of cellular life and living technology are outlined.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure

Access to Courts and Preemption of State Remedies in Collective Action Perspective

Preemption of common law remedies for individual injuries such as harm to health raises fundamental questions about the proper allocation of authority between the federal and state governments and about the role of courts in interpreting statutes and providing remedies for those who suffer injuries. Developing a workable framework for analyzing what we call “remedial preemption” issues can help to ensure an appropriate accommodation of the federal and state interests at stake and promote consistent application of preemption doctrine to state judicial remedies. This article applies a “collective action” framework for preemption analysis to the issue of remedial preemption. Our analysis suggests that while remedial preemption may be justified in some cases, courts should not lightly infer remedial preemption unless: (1) a primary purpose of the federal law is to ensure uniform standards to promote free movement of goods, prevent the export of regulatory burdens by “downstream” states, or solve a not-in-my-backyard problem; and (2) there is strong evidence that state judicial remedies (as opposed to direct state regulation through legislation or the actions of administrative agencies) would interfere with the achievement of those goals. In addition, we conclude that preemption of one common law cause of action does not necessarily warrant preemption of different causes of action for remediation of the same injury. Finally, we argue that courts should be especially reluctant to read the preemptive effect of federal law so as to leave injured persons without any remedy whatsoever. In doing so we pay particular attention to the ways in which state judicial remedies differ from state regulation by means of statutes or administrative rules, including the differences between legislatures and courts, between legislative rules and judicial decisions, and among possible preemptive effects on judicial remedies. We conclude by analyzing how the Supreme Court’s 2009 holding in Wyeth v. Levine that state tort remedies based on failure-to-warn claims were not preempted by federal regulation of the content of warning labels for drugs comports with our analysis

Access to Courts and Preemption of State Remedies in Collective Action Perspective

Preemption of common law remedies for individual injuries such as harm to health raises fundamental questions about the proper allocation of authority between the federal and state governments and about the role of courts in interpreting statutes and providing remedies for those who suffer injuries. Developing a workable framework for analyzing what we call “remedial preemption” issues can help to ensure an appropriate accommodation of the federal and state interests at stake and promote consistent application of preemption doctrine to state judicial remedies. This article applies a “collective action” framework for preemption analysis to the issue of remedial preemption. Our analysis suggests that while remedial preemption may be justified in some cases, courts should not lightly infer remedial preemption unless: (1) a primary purpose of the federal law is to ensure uniform standards to promote free movement of goods, prevent the export of regulatory burdens by “downstream” states, or solve a not-in-my-backyard problem; and (2) there is strong evidence that state judicial remedies (as opposed to direct state regulation through legislation or the actions of administrative agencies) would interfere with the achievement of those goals. In addition, we conclude that preemption of one common law cause of action does not necessarily warrant preemption of different causes of action for remediation of the same injury. Finally, we argue that courts should be especially reluctant to read the preemptive effect of federal law so as to leave injured persons without any remedy whatsoever. In doing so we pay particular attention to the ways in which state judicial remedies differ from state regulation by means of statutes or administrative rules, including the differences between legislatures and courts, between legislative rules and judicial decisions, and among possible preemptive effects on judicial remedies. We conclude by analyzing how the Supreme Court’s 2009 holding in Wyeth v. Levine that state tort remedies based on failure-to-warn claims were not preempted by federal regulation of the content of warning labels for drugs comports with our analysis

EFEKTIFITAS PELAKSANAAN ALOKASI DANA DESA BERDASARKAN PERMENDAGRI NO 113 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DESA

The Organization of the Government of the village of terpisakan no peyelenggaraan autonomous region. Through law No. 6 Year 2014 about villages, each village given discretion to set its own kewenanganya, either the authority based on the origin of the local scale, the powers and authority of the village, in the transferred by the Central Government/provinces//kota in accordance with government legislation. This research uses the normative-empirical type. The data used in this research is the primary data, namely data obtained directly from the field in the form of interviews and questionnaires and secondary data, namely data obtained from graphical documents (tables, notes, meeting, meetings, etc), photographs, films, video recordings, and other things that can enrich the primary data.  Research results show that implementation of the allocation of Funds in the village of Banabungi Village have been implemented but in pelaksanaanya is not effective. It is based on is Not dilaksanakanya the principle of transparency and participatory in its own ruling, a factor pelaksanaanya i.e. the absence of legal sanctions or force power for the Government when the village does not implement legal norms. While the position of Permendagri NO. 113 Year 2014 about financial management is in compliance as regulations, although the above provision does not mention explicitly the type of legislation in the form of a regulation of the Minister, but the phrase rules set by Ministers at the top, reflecting the existence of ministerial regulation as one of the types of legislation. &nbsp

Peranan Kepala Desa dan Badan Permusyawaratan Desa dalam Pembangunan Desa Di desa Galanti Kecamatan Wolowa Kabupaten Buton

Studi ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peranan aparatur desa dalam menjalankan fungsinya sebagai eksekutor pengambil keputusan dan pemberi pelayanan bagi kepentingan kesejahteraan desa, di Desa Galanti, Kecamatan Wolowa, Kabupaten Buton. Adapun metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan sosiologis. Pengambilan data penelitian dilakukan dengan  depth interview, observasi dan dokumentasi. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa Aparatur Pemerintah Desa telah menjalankan peranannya dengan baik yang mana baik kepala desa maupun BPD  berupaya memberikan dukungan yang terbaik kepada masyarakat desa di berbagai bidang sesuai dengan kapasitas dan kapabilitas yang telah ditentukan. Aparatur Pemerintah Desa memberikan pelayanan seperti meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat dengan meningkatkan pendapatan, menghubungi dan mendatangkan pelayanan pertanian dan kesehatan sebagai bentuk kepedulian terhadap berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi warganya

Application of bayesian networks to assess water poverty

The conventional approaches to water assessment are inappropriate for describing the increasing complexity of water issues. Instead, an integrated and holistic framework is required to capture the wide range of aspects which are influencing sustainable development of water resources. It is with this in mind that the Water Poverty Index (WPI) was created, as an interdisciplinary policy tool to assess water stress that links physical estimates of water availability with the socio-economic drivers of poverty. In parallel, in light of the investments envisaged for the next decade to reach the sector targets set by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), appropriate Decision Support Systems (DSS) are required to inform about the expected impacts to be achieved throughout these interventions. This would provide water managers with adequate information to define strategies that are efficient, effective, and sustainable. The paper explores the use of object oriented Bayesian networks (ooBn) as a valid approach for supporting decision making in water resource planning and management. On the basis of the WPI, a simple ooBn model has been designed and applied to reflect the main issues that determine access to safe water and improved sanitation. A pilot case study is presented for the Turkana district, in Kenya, where the Government has launched a national program to meet sector targets set out in the MDGs. Main impacts of this initiative are evaluated and compared with respect to the present condition. The study concludes that this new approach is able to accommodate local conditions and represent an accurate reflection of the complexities of water issues. Such a tool helps decision-makers to assess the effects of sector-related development policies on the variables of the index, as well as to analyse different future scenarios.Postprint (published version

SOSIALISASI BAGI UMKM SARUNG TENUN TRADISIONAL TERHADAP HAK ATAS KEKAYAAN INTELEKTUAL DI KECAMATAN WABULA KABUPATEN BUTON

This community service aims to provide knowledge and understanding of Intellectual Property Rights for UMKM actors in Buton Regency. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (UMKM) have a very important role in encouraging the increase in the pace of the creative economy in the real sector of a nation, and are able to increase income for the community. Moreover, if it is added to the UMKM products, they already have intellectual property rights legally in their protection. The benefits of the role of Intellectual Property by business actors for UMKM products in Buton Regency so far have not been maximized, this is due to a lack of understanding in the community that the importance of Intellectual Property Rights as a form of legal protection from business competition over copyright claims so that there are still many UMKM products not yet available. registered as an example of a woven sarong product in the district of Wabula, Buton Regency. So in this service the need for socialization. In this socialization, several UMKM in traditional weaving sarongs were involved in Buton Regenc