Visitations and Transfers in Non-Intact Households

Recent research reveals that divorce negatively impacts children's welfare as a consequence of the reduction in monetary and time contributions of the non-custodial parent. When the custody arrangement is sole custody, the variables that link the absent parent to the child are visitations and child support transfers. We explain visitations and child support transfers using a behavioral model of competitive equilibrium in which both variables are the results of competitive allocations realized in a decentralized non-cooperative manner. In our framework the mother has control over visitations and the father has control over child support. Estimates of the model are used to simulate the effects of alternative endowment levels on the proportion of time spent with the noncustodial parent and the ex-post parental income distribution. Our results show that a more equal allocation of time with the child, though beneficial to the children, may negatively affect the mother's welfare, increasing the income gap between ex-spouses.

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GENDER DIMENSIONS OF NON-FORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN COLOMBIA

This paper analyzed gender in the informal sector in Colombia, using the urban part of the Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida 1997, under the hypothesis that many informal women belong to this sector because it is more convenient for their childcare and house care needs. It is found that informal women are less in the lower strata than informal men, have better housing than informal men, and are covered by social security more often. More informal women have a family business in the household and work in their own home more often than informal men and tend to work between 6 and 11 hours less per week than informal men on average. Although fertility increases the woman´s and men´s probability of being informal, for a woman, having a child who stays with her most of the time during the week, either at home or at work, increases significantly her probability of being informal by 0.22, indicating that childcare contributes more to female than to male informality (for males it is not significant). When fertility is instrumented, this effect is revealed even larger. Models of log hourly wages/earnings were also estimated separately by gender and by sector of employment.informal labor markets

Geographical trends of soil‐associated biodiversity changes due to tree plantations in South America: Biome and climate constraints revealed through meta‐analysis

AimTo evaluate the interaction between climate and biome structure when explaining changes in species richness of soil-associated communities due to tree plantations developed in different biomes. Compare the response of plants, soil invertebrates and soil microorganisms, and to test whether they should be considered sensitive-coupled biotas.LocationContinental South America.Time Period1996–2023.Major Taxa StudiedPlants, soil invertebrates and soil microorganisms.MethodsThrough a meta-analysis, the change in species richness (i.e. response ratio) associated with tree plantations was evaluated in 127 points of study across South America, considering soil-associated communities of plants, invertebrates and microorganisms. The influence of biome structure (open vs. closed habitats) on the response ratio, and its interaction with the actual evapotranspiration (AET) and temperature seasonality was evaluated. Differentiated responses of different taxa were tested by comparing models with and without an interaction term referring to the taxon studied. The regional agricultural cover and plantation age were considered as anthropogenic variables.ResultsModels containing the AET were better at explaining the trend of change in species richness than those with temperature seasonality. The response of the change in species richness was oppositely related to the AET in open and closed biomes. Plants presented a higher loss in species richness than soil invertebrates and microorganisms. The three taxa were positively associated with AET, while seasonality was not relevant in any case. Both anthropogenic variables significantly lessened the change in species richness in all models.Main ConclusionsThe structural contrast between the anthropogenic habitat and the biome where it is developed is a key factor influencing the response of soil-associated communities to tree plantations. Nevertheless, its influence must be assessed together with climatic and anthropogenic variables given that their interaction can explain different geographical trends in the change in species richness across regions.Fil: Ribero, Martin Nicolas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Ecología de Comunidades y Macroecología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Filloy, Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Ecología de Comunidades y Macroecología; Argentin

DETERMINANTES, EFECTOS Y COSTOS DE LA VIOLENCIA INTRAFAMILIAR EN COLOMBIA

Eneste artículo se analizan los determinantes de la violencia doméstica en Colombia y se mide su impacto sobre diversas variables de la mujer tales como el ingreso, la participación laboral, y en variables del hogar en particular el nivel de salud, la educación y la nutrición de los niños. La evidencia sugiere que entre los determinantes más relevantes de la violencia intrafamiliar se encuentran el haber sido víctima o testigo de violencia en el hogar materno, y estar casada o unida a un hombre que consume alcohol de manera frecuente y elevada. A través de la técnica del estimador de emparejamiento o matching estimator", se estiman la magnitud de los efectos de las diferentes formas de violencia intrafamiliar. Se encuentra que si en un hogar existe maltrato severo a menores o agresiones severas contra la mujer, los ingresos laborales mensuales de la mujer son inferiores en cerca de 300.000 pesos (-70% menos aproximadamente) de los que serían si no hubiera violencia intrafamiliar (VIF). Así mismo la VIF determina mayor probabilidad de desempleo para la mujer, así como peores indicadores de salud para la mujer y los niños frente a hogares que no experimentan VIF. Con la magnitud estimada de los impactos se procede a cuantificar los costos anuales de la VIF. Los resultados indican que estos alcanzan cerca del 4% del PIB."Violencia intrafamiliar

TIEMPO DE LA MADRE Y CALIDAD DE LOS HIJOS

Se analiza cómo las decisiones de tiempo de la madre y las características del hogar afectan el desarrollo de los hijos. El desarrollo de los menores es visto desde dos perspectivas: educación y cuidado infantil. Para educación se consideran la asistencia y la extraedad escolar de los menores, es decir, el número de años de retraso con respecto al grado en que deberían estar de acuerdo a su edad. Para cuidado infantil se examina la escogencia de los padres entre las diferentes alternativas posibles para el cuidado del hijo durante el tiempo en el cual no asiste al colegio. La participación laboral de la madre y la presencia del padre en el hogar son determinantes y significativas todos los modelos. Ellas aumentan la probabilidad de que el menor asista a la escuela y disminuyen la de que presente retraso escolar. No obstante, el hecho de que la madre trabaje horas extra afecta de manera negativa la calidad de los hijos. La educación de la madre también resulta fundamental en la producción de hijos de calidad, al igual que desincentiva el uso de alternativas no necesariamente beneficiosas para el cuidado del menor.Educación

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN VISITATIONS AND CHILD SUPPORT TRANSFERS IN NON-INTACT HOUSEHOLD

Divorce negatively impacts children´s welfare as a consequence of the reduction in monetary and time contributions of the non-custodial parent. In our framework parents constitute a bilateral exchange economy where the mother is endowed with control over visitations and the father has control over financial resources. Our results indicate that an endowment of equal time for both parents, reducing the time under the mother´s control implies a reduction in the child support transfers from the father, and, therefore, a loss in the mother´s consumption levels. A more equally shared time with the children increases the father´s direct expenditures to the child, allowing the mother to spend less on child goods and partially compensating her consumption loss.Divorce