Integrative analyses identify modulators of response to neoadjuvant aromatase inhibitors in patients with early breast cancer

Introduction Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a vital component of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer treatment. De novo and acquired resistance, however, is common. The aims of this study were to relate patterns of copy number aberrations to molecular and proliferative response to AIs, to study differences in the patterns of copy number aberrations between breast cancer samples pre- and post-AI neoadjuvant therapy, and to identify putative biomarkers for resistance to neoadjuvant AI therapy using an integrative analysis approach. Methods Samples from 84 patients derived from two neoadjuvant AI therapy trials were subjected to copy number profiling by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH, n = 84), gene expression profiling (n = 47), matched pre- and post-AI aCGH (n = 19 pairs) and Ki67-based AI-response analysis (n = 39). Results Integrative analysis of these datasets identified a set of nine genes that, when amplified, were associated with a poor response to AIs, and were significantly overexpressed when amplified, including CHKA, LRP5 and SAPS3. Functional validation in vitro, using cell lines with and without amplification of these genes (SUM44, MDA-MB134-VI, T47D and MCF7) and a model of acquired AI-resistance (MCF7-LTED) identified CHKA as a gene that when amplified modulates estrogen receptor (ER)-driven proliferation, ER/estrogen response element (ERE) transactivation, expression of ER-regulated genes and phosphorylation of V-AKT murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT1). Conclusions These data provide a rationale for investigation of the role of CHKA in further models of de novo and acquired resistance to AIs, and provide proof of concept that integrative genomic analyses can identify biologically relevant modulators of AI response

Genetic risk markers for strong biofilm-formation in clinical methicillin-resitant Staphylococcus aureus and its the association with the clonal profile

Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major human pathogens worldwide and its epidemiology has been the focus of numerous single and multicenter surveillance studies over the past years. In this study, a phenotypic and genotypic approach were used to determine the factors that influence adherence and biofilm production of the most common MRSA SCCmec types, and its relationship with antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and the genetic background of S. aureus isolates. The strains used in this study were randomly selected from a collection of clinical MRSA strains recovered from patients hospitalized in the Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlandia, isolated from infections at various anatomical sites and evaluated for SCCmec type. Fifteen strains carrying different chromosomal cassettes were selected, five SCCmec II, five SCCmec III and five SCCmec IV, recovered predominantly from blood (67%), surgical site infections (27%) and pneumonia (6.0%). The SCCmec type and the presence of the virulence genes (icaA, icaD, fnbB, agr, IS256, bap) were assessed by PCR. The genetic relationship between the isolates and a possible association with the ability to form biofilm were investigated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The initial adhesion and biofilm formation were examined by quantitative assays. To evaluate the correlation between the hydrophobicity and the ability of MRSA cell to adhere to an unmodified polystyrene surface, the surface tension and hydrophobicity of the strains were measured. SCCmec III and IV strains were less hydrophilic and adhered better than SCCmec II strains. The analysis of biofilm production showed that SCCmec III strains were characterized as strong biofilm producers with the average biomass of biofilm from 0.53 ± 0.12 compared with 0.04 ± 0.04 those nonproducers/ weak producers (SCCmec II e IV). The analysis of this study showed five major pulsotypes according to the PFGE with a large genomic diversity observed by the number of subtypes in each pulsotype. The presence of the genes agr I, fnb B and IS 256 in clinical MRSA SCCmec III strains, were considered as genetic risk markers for strong biofilmformation in clinical by an icaindependent biofilm pathway. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the biofilm formation by Brazilian clinical MRSA strains recovered from nosocomial infections including molecular characterization of strains