The expression of CD markers in solid tumors: Significance in metastasis and prognostic value

Objective. The clusters of differentiations (CDs) are among the surface markers expressed on different cells in the body, which are involved in the communication of cells with each other and the induction of signaling. Moreover, the evaluation of the ectopic expression of these markers in solid tumors has led to the detection of disease in early stages. In this paper, we have examined the effect of CD markers expression on the function of cancer cells, as well as their importance as the diagnostic and prognostic factors for monitoring the progression of solid tumors. Materials and methods Relevant literature was identified by a PubMed search (1988-2017) of English the language papers using the terms “CD markers”, “diagnostic”, “prognostic”, “predictive marker” and “solid tumors.” Discussion. Finally, it can be stated that the evaluation of CDs is not only of diagnostic value at disease onset, but these markers can be used as prognostic and predictive markers to contribute to the treatment of disease and predict its relapse. Conclusion. Monitoring of tumors progression through CDs expressed on circulating tumor cells could be a new diagnostic and prognostic factor in the future

Bone marrow blood vessels: normal and neoplastic niche

Blood vessels are among the most important factors in the transport of materials such as nutrients and oxygen. This study will review the role of blood vessels in normal bone marrow hematopoiesis as well as pathological conditions like leukemia and metastasis. Relevant literature was identified by a Pubmed search (1992-2016) of English-language papers using the terms bone marrow, leukemia, metastasis, and vessel. Given that blood vessels are conduits for the transfer of nutrients, they create a favorable situation for cancer cells and cause their growth and development. On the other hand, blood vessels protect leukemia cells against chemotherapy drugs. Finally, it may be concluded that the vessels are an important factor in the development of malignant diseases