A case report of simultaneous medullary and papillary carcinoma of thyroid

Objective. Medullary (MTC) and papillary (PTC) thyroid carcinoma are two different types of thyroid carcinoma with significant differences in origin. Their co-occurrence in a patient is a rare phenomenon. We report a patient with simultaneous presentation of both MTC and PTC

Comparison of Adiponectin Level in Women with Breast Cancer with Healthy Women

Introduction: Adiponectin is one of the plasma protein derived from adipose tissue which has a positive effect on metabolism of fat and lipid, resulting from its own receptors. Increase in body mass index (BMI) has a direct relationship with life length. Obesity has effects on secretion of some hormons related to adipokines. Adiponectin is an adipokine having an opposite relationship with insulin resistance and breast cancer. It is also the connection between breast cancer incidence and obesity. Adiponectin level decreases in women affected by breast cancer and knowing this fact can help treat and prevent the cancer by giving adiponectin supplements. The present study compared the adiponectin levels in women affected by breast cancer and healthy females as control group Method: in this study, 80 women with breast cancer and 80 healthy females as controls were selected and adiponectin level was compared between them. Result: the group with breast cancer, having a higher BMI mean (28.77 ± 6.05), showed a lower adiponectin level in comparison to control group .(p= 0.0001) Conclusion: Considering the fact that the risk is higher in women with bigger BMI value, informing women in this regard could have a great effect on preventing this wide-spread disease. Taking adiponectin supplements as pills or injection could be a preventing step for breast cancer, which needs to be considered as targets for future studies

Progress in targeting PTEN/PI3K/Akt axis in glioblastoma therapy: Revisiting molecular interactions

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most malignant cancers of central nervous system and due to its sensitive location, surgical resection has high risk and therefore, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are utilized for its treatment. However, chemoresistance and radio-resistance are other problems in GBM treatment. Hence, new therapies based on genes are recommended for treatment of GBM. PTEN is a tumor-suppressor operator in cancer that inhibits PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis in diminishing growth, metastasis and drug resistance. In the current review, the function of PTEN/PI3K/Akt axis in GBM progression is evaluated. Mutation or depletion of PTEN leads to increase in GBM progression. Low expression level of PTEN mediates poor prognosis in GBM and by increasing proliferation and invasion, promotes malignancy of tumor cells. Moreover, loss of PTEN signaling can result in therapy resistance in GBM. Activation of PTEN signaling impairs GBM metabolism via glycolysis inhibition. In contrast to PTEN, PI3K/Akt signaling has oncogenic function and during tumor progression, expression level of PI3K/Akt enhances. PI3K/Akt signaling shows positive association with oncogenic pathways and its expression similar to PTEN signaling, is regulated by non-coding RNAs. PTEN upregulation and PI3K/Akt signaling inhibition by anti-cancer agents can be beneficial in interfering GBM progression. This review emphasizes on the signaling networks related to PTEN/PI3K/Akt and provides new insights for targeting this axis in effective GBM treatment