Adaptive PID Type Iterative Learning Control

In this paper, an adaptive PID-type iterative learning control scheme is proposed for tracking problem in repetitive systems with unknown parameters. In this scheme, we use a combination of an optimal PID-type iterative learning controller and progection like adgusting algorithm that is based on tracking error which decreases by iterations increment. Layapunov method is used for convergence analysis of the presented scheme, and convergence condition is obtained in term of algorithm step size range. the effectiveness of proposed technique is illustrated by simulation results.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v4i6.643

Investigation on nonlinear-optical properties of palm oil/silver nanoparticles.

The study carried out using continuous wave diode pumped solid state laser with wavelength of 405 nm and power of 50 mW. The strong spatial selfphase modulation patterns were observed that suggest the palm oil/Ag-NPs have a relatively large nonlinear refractive index. The obtained values of nonlinear refractive index were increased with the increase of volume fractions. The observed experimental patterns were also theoretically modeled which are in good agreement with experimental results

The structural and optical constants of Ag2S semiconductor nanostructure in the far-infrared

Background In this paper a template-free precipitation method was used as an easy and low cost way to synthesize Ag2S semiconductor nanoparticles. The Kramers–Kronig method (K–K) and classical dispersion theory was applied to calculate the optical constants of the prepared samples, such as the reflective index n(ω) and dielectric constant ε(ω) in Far-infrared regime. Results Nanocrystalline Ag2S was synthesized by a wet chemical precipitation method. Ag2S nanoparticle was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, UV-visible, and FT-IR spectrometry. The refinement of the monoclinic β-Ag2S phase yielded a structure solution similar to the structure reported by Sadanaga and Sueno. The band gap of Ag2S nanoparticles is around 0.96 eV, which is in good agreement with previous reports for the band gap energy of Ag2S nanoparticles (0.9–1.1 eV). Conclusion The crystallite size of the synthesized particles was obtained by Hall-Williamson plot for the synthesized Ag2S nanoparticles and it was found to be 217 nm. The Far-infrared optical constants of the prepared Ag2S semiconductor nanoparticles were evaluated by means of FTIR transmittance spectra data and K–K method

Childhood abuse history among male addicts in comparison with non-addict population

AbstractChild abuse is an important social and health problem in the world. Behavioral and psychological problems in adolescence and adulthood are the long term psychological effects of physical abuse. Behavioral problems such as aggression in adolescence and drug abuse are common in individuals who were abused in childhood. Nevertheless, there is no integrative study of childhood abuse in Iranian addicts. Therefore, this study investigates the childhood abuse in addicts with the purpose of planning a psychological treatment for these patients. The purpose of this study is the investigation of sexual, physical, emotional and verbal abuse in childhood in male addicts in comparison with non addict population. For this purpose, 100 male addicts who were referred to therapeutic institutes in 2009 and 100 non male addicts answered to Child Abuse Self Report Survey(CASRS). Data have been analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS 16.The results show a positive and significant relationship between child abuse experience and addiction in adulthood, and it can be concluded that The experience of abuse and neglect in childhood is one of the effective factors of addiction in adulthood

The effect of laser repetition rate on the LASiS synthesis of biocompatible silver nanoparticles in aqueous starch solution.

Laser ablation-based nanoparticle synthesis in solution is rapidly becoming popular, particularly for potential biomedical and life science applications. This method promises one pot synthesis and concomitant bio-functionalization, is devoid of toxic chemicals, does not require complicated apparatus, can be combined with natural stabilizers, is directly biocompatible, and has high particle size uniformity. Size control and reduction is generally determined by the laser settings; that the size and size distribution scales with laser fluence is well described. Conversely, the effect of the laser repetition rate on the final nanoparticle product in laser ablation is less well-documented, especially in the presence of stabilizers. Here, the influence of the laser repetition rate during laser ablation synthesis of silver nanoparticles in the presence of starch as a stabilizer was investigated. The increment of the repetition rate does not negatively influence the ablation efficiency, but rather shows increased productivity, causes a red-shift in the plasmon resonance peak of the silver-starch nanoparticles, an increase in mean particle size and size distribution, and a distinct lack of agglomerate formation. Optimal results were achieved at 10 Hz repetition rate, with a mean particle size of ~10 nm and a bandwidth of ~6 nm 'full width at half maximum' (FWHM). Stability measurements showed no significant changes in mean particle size or agglomeration or even flocculation. However, zeta potential measurements showed that optimal double layer charge is achieved at 30 Hz. Consequently, Ag-NP synthesis via the laser ablation synthesis in solution (LASiS) method in starch solution seems to be a trade-off between small size and narrow size distributions and inherent and long-term stability

Characterization and synthesis of silver nanostructures in rare earth activated GeO2-PbO glass matrix using matrix adjustment thermal reduction method

This paper reports matrix adjustment thermal reduction method to synthesize silver nanostructures in Er3+/Yb3+ activated GeO2-PbO glass matrix. The GeO2-PbO glass, the medium of nanoparticle formation, doped with Er2O3, Yb2O3 and AgNO3 was prepared by a melt quenching method. Annealing of the glass for different times was utilized, not only due to thermally reduce Ag+ ions to Ag nanostructures, but also to influence the glassy network. This is because, the glass structural transformation temperature is near to 435 °C and heating at more than this temperature can cause some structural changes in the glass matrix. According to TEM images, samples that tolerate 450 °C annealing temperature for one hour show the formation of basil-like silver nanostructures with a mean length of 54 nm and mean diameter of 13 nm embedded in the glass matrix, whereas with annealing at 450 °C for 5 to 20 h, silver nanoparticles of about 3–4 nm mean diameter size are formed. Annealing for 30 h causes silver nanoparticles to aggregate to form larger particles due to an Oswald ripening process. Observation of the characteristic Ag-NP SPR band at 400–500 nm in the UV-visible absorption spectra confirms the existence of silver nanoparticles. The SPR band widens to longer wavelengths in one hour annealed samples, which relates to the existence of nanostructures with different size or fractal shapes. In addition, an increment in the peak of the SPR band by increasing the duration of annealing indicates the formation of more nanoparticles. Furthermore, the existence of a peak at 470 cm–1 in the FTIR spectra of annealed samples and its absence in the samples not exposed to an annealing process suggests that the glass matrix is polymerized by Pb-O chains during the 450 °C annealing process. This is the main source of different nanostructures because of the dissimilar stabilizing media. The tighter media cap the particles to form small and dense nanoparticles but a loose environment leads to the creation of basil-like particles in the glass matrix

Upconversion properties of the Er-doped Y2o3, Bi2o3 and Sb2o3 nanoparticles fabricated by pulsed laser ablation in liquid media

Er-doped Y2O3, Bi2O3 and Sb2O3 nanoparticles are synthesized using pulsed laser ablation in a liquid. Ceramic targets of Y2O3:Er3+, Bi2O3:Er3+ and Sb2O3:Er3+ for ablation process are prepared by standard solid-state reaction technique and ablation is carried out in 5-ml distilled water using nanosecond Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The morphology and size of the fabricated nanoparticles are evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and the luminescence emission properties of the prepared samples are investigated under different excitation wavelengths