Once the shovel hits the ground : Evaluating the management of complex implementation processes of public-private partnership infrastructure projects with qualitative comparative analysis

Much attention is being paid to the planning of public-private partnership (PPP) infrastructure projects. The subsequent implementation phase – when the contract has been signed and the project ‘starts rolling’ – has received less attention. However, sound agreements and good intentions in project planning can easily fail in project implementation. Implementing PPP infrastructure projects is complex, but what does this complexity entail? How are projects managed, and how do public and private partners cooperate in implementation? What are effective management strategies to achieve satisfactory outcomes? This is the fi rst set of questions addressed in this thesis. Importantly, the complexity of PPP infrastructure development imposes requirements on the evaluation methods that can be applied for studying these questions. Evaluation methods that ignore complexity do not create a realistic understanding of PPP implementation processes, with the consequence that evaluations tell us little about what works and what does not, in which contexts, and why. This hampers learning from evaluations. What are the requirements for a complexity-informed evaluation method? And how does qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) meet these requirements? This is the second set of questions addressed in this thesis

2,5-Di­methylhexane-2,5-diol at 110 K

CSH1802, monoclinic, P2~/c; a= 15.590 (3), b=9.948 (4), c=8.932 (2) A, fl=91.80 (2) ° at ll0K; Z=6, Do(293K)=l.0, Dc(l10K)=l.045 g cm-3; /z(Mo)=0.79 cm -t. The structure was solved by the symbolic addition method. Least-squares refinement gave R=0.085 and Rw=0.116 for 4057 observed reflexions (I>33). Hydrogen bonds connect the molecules into zigzag layers parallel to (100)

Synchrotron radiation investigations of the polymorphic transitions in saturated monoacid triglycerides. Part 2: Polymorphism study of a 50:50 mixture of tripalmitin and tristearin during crystallization and melting

Time-resolved X-ray diffraction studies on the polymorphic behaviour and miscibility of tripalmitin and tristearin in a 50:50 mixture have been performed using synchrotron radiation and DSC. Tripalmitin and tristearin are miscible in both the α- and β′-form. They do not form a continuous solid solution in the β-form. The crystallization and melting process of the α-form is determined by the cooling rate: the lower the cooling rate, the more pronounced the formation of concentration gradients in the solid solution. Upon melting, the α-form firstly transforms to β′ and subsequently to β. The transition of α to β can take place with or without an intermediate β′-form. The β′-form can be obtained from the melt as well as by recrystallization from the α-form. The β′-form, crystallized from the α-phase, is characterized by a typical β′2-X-ray diffraction pattern: it is less stable and transform much easier to β as compared to the melt-crystallized β′-form, the latter being characterized by a β′1-diffraction pattern. The presence of crystal defects in the β′-crystal structure accelerates transformation to the β-polymorph