Identifikasi Anopheles Spp. sebagai Tersangka Vektor Malaria di Kabupaten Purworejo Tahun 2015

Abstract Purworejo District is a malaria endemic area in Central Java Province with Annual Parasite Incidence  (API) value of 1.96 per 1,000 population. This figure is still above the Ministry of Health's Strategic Plan target for 2015 - 2019. Indigenous cases are still being reported in Purworejo District until 2017. Prevention of malaria transmission is carried out by controlling Anopheles spp. as a malaria vector. This study aims to identify the behavior and habitat where  Anopheles spp. as a malaria vector suspect in Purworejo District.  The method of catching mosquitoes is in the form of Human landing collection, animal bait, light traps which are carried out starting at 18.00  to 06.00 in the morning, resting in the morning both inside and outside the house. Data variables taken in the form of biting activity, the number of mosquitoes caught, and environmental conditions at the study site. The results of the study were: the species of Anopheles leucosphyrus , Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles kochi, and Anopheles balabacensis. The peak activity of biting Anopheles spp. occur at 01.00 - 02.00 and 04.00 - 05.00 in the morning. Anopheles spp. most found in lagoon. Efforts to prevent mosquito bites are done using long-sleeved clothing or using repellents or household pesticides, avoiding doing activities outside the home at night and placing larva predators on lagoon. Abstrak Kabupaten Purworejo merupakan kabupaten endemis malaria di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dengan nilai Annual Parasite Incidence (API) mencapai 1,96 per 1.000 penduduk. Angka tersebut masih berada di atas target Rencana Strategis Kementerian Kesehatan Tahun 2015–2019. Kasus indigenous juga masih dilaporkan di Kabupaten Purworejo sampai dengan tahun 2017. Pencegahan penularan malaria dilakukan dengan pengendalian nyamuk Anopheles spp. sebagai vektor malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi perilaku dan habitat tempat ditemukannya nyamuk Anopheles spp. sebagai tersangka vektor malaria di Kabupaten Purworejo. Metode penangkapan nyamuk berupa human landing collection, umpan hewan, dan light trap yang dilakukan mulai pukul 18.00 – 06.00 pagi, resting pagi hari baik di dalam maupun di luar rumah. Variabel data yang diambil berupa aktivitas menggigit, jumlah nyamuk yang tertangkap, dan kondisi lingkungan di lokasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian berupa : spesies Anopheles yang tertangkap adalah Anopheles leucosphyrus, Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles kochi, dan Anopheles balabacensis. Puncak aktivitas menggigit Anopheles spp. terjadi pada pukul 01.00 – 02.00 dan 04.00 – 05.00 dini hari. Nyamuk Anopheles spp. paling banyak ditemukan pada lagun/goba. Upaya pencegahan gigitan nyamuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan pakaian lengan panjang atau menggunakan repellent atau pestisida rumah tangga, menghindari melakukan aktivitas di luar rumah pada malam hari, dan menempatkan predator larva pada lagun/goba.  &nbsp

Pengaruh Karakteristik Tempat Penampungan Air Terhadap Densitas Larva Aedes dan Risiko Penyebaran Demam Berdarah Dengue di Daerah Endemis di Indonesia

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is influenced by the density of disease vectors. One of government program to reduce dengue cases in Indonesia is the Eradication of Mosquito Nest (PSN) through monitoring of Water Reservoirs (TPA). This study aims to determine the opportunities for TPA characteristics to influence the presence of Aedes sp. larvae in 19 provinces in Indonesia in the Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit in 2015 and 2016. The study was conducted cross sectionally in 570 areas near settlements which are dengue endemic areas and each province was taken three districts that have one DHF endemic area. The data obtained in the form of landfill characteristics variables and the presence of larvae of Aedes sp. analyzed descriptively and logistic regression. The analysis showed that 88% of the landfill contained larvae. Almost all the characteristics of the landfill examined have an effect on the existence of larvae with an average odd ratio of 3.2. Properly done landfill drainage significantly reduces the chances of mosquito eggs hatching into larvae by 11,843 times more than landfills that are rarely drained. Maintaining fish larvae in the landfill has a significant effect in reducing the population of mosquito larvae by 4.937 times. Sowing container with larvasida has the opportunity to reduce mosquito larvae by 4.483 times. The results of this study can be used as a basis for DHF control efforts in communities in endemic areas

Analisis Diskriminan Fisher untuk Hubungan Incidence Rate dengan Indeks Entomologi berdasarkan Klasifikasi Ekosistem

Discriminant analysis is one of the statistical techniques that may use to provide the most appropriate estimation for classifying individuals into one group based on the independent variable score (discriminant score). There are 2 main assumptions in discriminant analysis such as fulfilled data normality and similarity of variant-covariants. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between DHF Incidence Rate (IR) and entomology index if a region is classified as a coast-not a coast and rural-urban. This research conducted in 78 districts in Indonesia carried out in Disease Reservoir and Vector Specific Research from 2016 to 2017. The geographical area of ​​Indonesia which has a tropical climate with three months of rainy season in December, January, February and three months of the dry season in June, July, August can be a hyperendemic area of ​​DHF. This condition is exacerbated by the development of increasingly complex urban areas and the development of rural areas into cities that reduce environmental quality and have an impact on the expansion of the habitat of Aedes aegypti as vector of DHF. The data to be analyzed are the entomology index in the form of numbers of HI, BI, CI and ABJ against IR. The results of the analysis provide information that the very low value of Canonical Correlation is 0.076 classified as coast and not coast so that there is no relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. While the Canonical Correlation value is quite high, which is 0.219 classified as rural and urban showed that there is a relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Based on the results, densely populated ecosystems in urban or rural areas have a great chance of cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever, so people need to monitor mosquito larvae to control DHF. Abstrak Analisis diskriminan adalah salah satu teknik statistik yang dapat digunakan untuk memberikan pendugaan yang paling tepat untuk mengklasifikasikan individu ke dalam salah satu kelompok berdasarkan skor variabel bebas (skor diskriminan). Terdapat 2 asumsi utama dalam melakukan analisis diskriminan, yaitu normalitas data harus terpenuhi dan kesamaan varian-kovarian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat hubungan antara Incidence Rate (IR) DBD dengan indeks entomologi jika suatu wilayah diklasifikasi menjadi pantai-bukan pantai dan perdesaan-perkotaan. Penelitian telah dilakukan di 78 kabupaten di Indonesia pada Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit tahun 2016 hingga 2017. Wilayah geografis Indonesia yang beriklim tropis dengan tiga bulan musim hujan pada Desember, Januari, Februari dan tiga bulan musim kemarau pada Juni, Juli, Agustus dapat menjadi wilayah hiperendemik DBD. Kondisi tersebut diperparah oleh perkembangan wilayah perkotaan yang semakin kompleks dan perkembangan wilayah pedesaan menjadi kota yang menurunkan kualitas lingkungan hidup dan berdampak pada perluasan habitat nyamuk Aedes aegypti vektor penyakit DBD. Data yang akan dianalisis adalah data indeks entomologi berupa angka HI, BI, CI dan ABJ terhadap IR. Hasil analisis memberikan informasi bahwa nilai Canonical Correlation yang sangat rendah yaitu 0,076, jika diklasifikasi menjadi pantai dan bukan pantai menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat. Nilai Canonical Correlation yang cukup tinggi yaitu 0,219, jika diklasifikasi menjadi perdesaan dan perkotaan menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat nya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, ekosistem padat penduduk di perkotaan atau perdesaan memiliki peluang besar terhadap adanya kasus demam berdarah dengue, sehingga masyarakat perlu melakukan monitoring terhadap jentik nyamuk untuk pengendalian DBD

Pengobatan Malaria di Perkotaan dan Pedesaan di Indonesia (Analisis Lanjut Riskesdas 2013)

Malaria control in Indonesia still against many challenges, especially in terms of malaria treatment. One of the causes of low coverage of Artemisin Based Combination Therapy (ACT) is that several locations are no longer malaria endemic, being negligent with malaria cases coming from endemic areas, so that patients are not immediately diagnosed as malaria patients. The purpose of this further analysis was to describe malaria treatment based on Plasmodium species associated with access, time, and administration of ACT treatment between urban and rural areas. The method used is descriptive analysis of secondary data from Basic Health Research in 2013 as many as 1,027,763 people by taking the unit of analysis of individuals who have been diagnosed with malaria by health personnel and individuals whose blood test results are positive for malaria. The results of the analysis provide information that in urban and rural areas, the treatment of P. falciparum and P. vivax is classified as good, namely the majority received ACT treatment, the time to receive ACT treatment was within the first 24 hours, and ACT treatment was given within 3 days of being drunk. However, it was found that in rural areas, P. vivax treatment was still not good because the majority did not receive ACT treatment. The implementation of malaria control in areas that are easily accessible and well-targeted are groups that can afford the costs involved in accessing targeted interventions by public subsidized programs. This encourages all regions to have good health services that provide better access to malaria control interventions

Pengendalian Jentik Aedes sp. Melalui Pendekatan Keluarga Di Provinsi Papua

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever has not been reduced yet, therefore, the Ministry of Health has conducted aRiset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir in 2015 in 4 provinces, South Sumatera, Central Java, Central Sulawesiand Papua. This study aimed to determine the relationship of family participation in the community to thepresence of larvae Aedes sp. in Papua Province. Community attitudes to be studied include: the laying ofwater reservoirs, the closure of water reservoirs, the maintenance of fish in water reservoirs, the sowing oflarvicides at each water reservoir and the draining of water reservoirs. The presence of mosquito larvae isan indicator of the potential of community awareness of DHF. The sample in this analysis was 100 housesper district which was the Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir 2015 area in Papua. The method of takinglarvae wass done by taking a larva or pupa Aedes sp. using plastic pipette and transferred into vial tubeusing Single Larvae Method technique. The results showed from the overall container placed in the house,28.27 percent were positive larvae. Non-drained containers had a 15 times positive chance of larvaecompared to containers that are diligently drained once a week. This study also showed that the resultsof keeping fish in containers have a ratio of no larvae, with larvae being 91: 9. Larvaside sowing had no real effect on the presence or absence of larvae in Papua Province. The role of families in the communityenvironment needs to be further improved and supported by the role of health workers in the prevention ofdengue hemorrhagic fever. Abstrak Adanya permasalahan penyakit tular vektor Demam Berdarah Dengue yang semakin lama tidak kunjung berkurang malah semakin bertambah, Kementerian Kesehatan RI melakukan studi Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir pada 2015 di 4 provinsi, yaitu, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, Jawa Tengah, Sulawesi Tengah dan Papua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan peran serta atau perilaku masyarakat  terhadap keberadaan jentik Aedes sp. di Provinsi Papua. Perilaku masyarakat yang akan diteliti antara lain: peletakan tempat penampungan air, penutupan tempat penampungan air, pemeliharaan ikan pada tempat penampungan air, penaburan larvisida pada setiap tempat penampungan air dan pengurasan tempat penampungan air. Keberadaan jentik nyamuk merupakan indikator dari potensi keterjangkitan masyarakat akan DBD. Sampel dalam analisis ini yaitu 100 rumah per kabupaten yang menjadi wilayah penelitian Riset Khusus Vektora 2015 di Propinsi Papua. Jika pada tempat penampungan air yang diperiksa ditemukan jentik atau pupa Aedes sp., maka diambil dengan menggunakan pipet plastik dan dipindahkan ke dalam tabung vial menggunakan teknik Single Larvae Method. Secara deskriptif, pada tahun 2015 keberadaan jentik di Provinsi Papua pada 2015 sebesar 31,5%. Jumlah tempat penampungan air yang diperiksa berjumlah 1355 kontainer. Sebesar 68,4 persen kontainer tidak ditemukan jentik dan 31,6 persen ditemukan jentik. Dari keseluruhan kontainer yang diletakkan di dalam rumah, 28,27 persen positif jentik. Kontainer yang tidak dikuras memiliki peluang 15 kali positif jentik dibandingkan dengan kontainer yang rajin dikuras seminggu sekali. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan hasil memelihara ikan dalam kontainer memiliki rasio tidak terdapat jentik dengan terdapat jentik yaitu 91:9. Penaburan Larvasida tidak memiliki pengaruh nyata terhadap ada dan tidaknya jentik di Provinsi Papua

Pengobatan Malaria Kombinasi Artemisinin (ACT) di Provinsi Papua Barat Tahun 2013

Malaria is still a disease with highest incidence rate in Indonesias. Based on Riskesdas 2013, the prevalence of malaria in West Papua was generally increasing. This study aimed to find the correlation of  type of malaria found in blood examination and distribution status of ACT.  Samples of data obtained by stratified random sampling from 1490 people who had suffered from malaria in West Papua. Data analysis using univariate descriptive and correlation analysis The result showed that the most common type of malaria was tertiana malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax (51%). Early detection performed within the first 24 hours when the patient is suffering from fever can be used as the basis for a policy that early detection can reduce malaria morbidity. It can be concluded ACT suitable for any type of malaria. The concistency of provision of ACT can be implemented by increasing public awareness of taking prophylactic. In addition the ideal combination antimalarial drugs be  able to heal in a short time and if the patients performs the compliance of taking the drug, it will not be antimalarial resistance

FAKTOR RISIKO PERILAKU MASYARAKAT PADA KEJADIAN LUAR BIASA LEPTOSPIROSIS DI KABUPATEN KEBUMEN TAHUN 2017

Local health agency in Kebumen Regency reported that an outbreak of leptospirosis occurred in the beginning 2017. Based on the data obtained from the agency showed that a total of 60 leptospirosis cases has been successfully investigated in Kebumen Regency for January – April 2017. Among those cases, 40 patients were reported positive RDT and 6 patients were died (CFR value =10,00). The aim of this study was to determine a relationship between behavioral factors of people in Kebumen Regency with occurrence of leptospirosis and the risk factor scale of the disease. The descriptive analytic study with case control design was applied. Samples were collected using the purposive sampling method and the number of sample observed in the present study was 42 people. All data were analysed using Chi Square and Odds Ratio (OR) calculation. The results revealed that three variables of people behaviour in Kebumen Regency had positive association to occurrence of leptospirosis. They were no foot protection (barefoot) when doing activity in the yard (OR=0,25) and paddy fields (OR=0,16). Another variable was open wound without any treatment or cover (OR=0,12). It is highly recommended that staffs from local health agency should educate people for wearing sandal or other foot protections properly, particularly for those who work in the yard and paddy field. The open wound must be covered and treated in order to prevent leptospira infection

Efektivitas Ekstrak Etanol Akar Tuba (Derris elliptica) terhadap Kematian Periplaneta americana dengan Metode Spraying

Cockroaches are harmful insects since they act as mechanical vectors. Transmission of the disease can occur through bacteria or germs that are present in waste or food scraps. These germs are carried by the feet or other body parts of the cockroach, then contaminate the food. Based on these facts, it is necessary to conduct research on the effectiveness of tuba roots against the cockroaches. The ethanol extract of tuba roots is effective in reducing the population of annoying insects, fish killers in ponds and reducing rat populations. This study was conducted from March to October 2014. This study used 7 extract concentrations which were : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 g / 100 ml. Extraction of tuba root ethanol using the maceration method. The seven extracts were diluted with water medium then sprayed on all outside body parts of the cockroach using hand sprayer. Observations were performed on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 48th hours. Data were analysed by  probit model. The results showed that tube root ethanol extract (Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) was effective  to kill Periplaneta americana on with LC50 at concentrations of 3 mg / 100 ml and LC90 was 10.306 mg / 100 ml, while LT50 7 h and LT90 was 11 h . Ethanol extract of tuba plant roots (D. elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) can be used as an alternative natural insecticide that can kill P. americana cockroaches. ABSTRAK Kecoa merupakan serangga yang merugikan karena berperan sebagai vektor mekanis. Penularan penyakit dapat terjadi melalui bakteri atau kuman penyakit yang terdapat pada sampah atau sisa makanan. Kuman tersebut terbawa oleh kaki atau bagian tubuh lainnya dari kecoa, kemudian mengontaminasi makanan. Ekstrak etanol akar tuba efektif dalam mengurangi populasi serangga pengganggu, pembunuh ikan di tambak dan mengurangi populasi tikus. Berdasarkan fakta tersebut, perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai efektivitas dari akar tuba membunuh kecoa. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret hingga Oktober tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan 7 konsentrasi ekstrak yaitu: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, dan 13 g/100 ml. Ekstraksi etanol akar tuba menggunakan metode maserasi. Ketujuh ekstrak diencerkan dengan media air kemudian disemprotkan menggunakan alat sprayer biasa pada seluruh bagian tubuh luar kecoa. Pengamatan dilakukan pada jam ke-1, ke-2, ke-3, ke-4, ke-5, ke-6 dan ke-48. Analisis data menggunakan regresi probit. Hasil analisis menunjukkan ekstrak etanol akar tumbuhan tuba (Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) efektif mematikan Periplaneta americana dengan  LC50  pada konsentrasi 3 mg/100 ml dan LC90 adalah 10,306 mg/100 ml, sedangkan LT50 7 jam  dan LT90 adalah 11 jam. Ekstrak etanol akar tumbuhan tuba (Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth) dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu alternatif insektisida alami yang dapat membunuh kecoa P. americana

Keberadaan Jentik Aedes sp. pada Controllable Sites dan Dispossable Sites di Indonesia (Studi Kasus di 15 Provinsi)

Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama di Indonesia. Peningkatan kasus DBD di Indonesia tidak lepas dari keberadaan nyamuk Aedes sp. sebagai vektor penular. Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap angka kejadian DBD adalah jumlah populasi jentik nyamuk Aedes sp., populasi jentik sangat dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik habitatnya. Data Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir tahun 2016 memuat tentang tingkat kepadatan jentik nyamuk Aedes sp. melalui tempat penampungan air (TPA) yang dilihat dari controllable sites dan dispossable sites. Data diambil di 15 provinsi di Indonesia, yaitu Provinsi Aceh, Provinsi Lampung, Provinsi Bangka Belitung, Provinsi Jawa Barat, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Provinsi Banten, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, Provinsi Maluku, dan Provinsi Maluku Utara. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini yaitu dari 11.491 TPA diperiksa, didapatkan 11.301 controllable sites dan 190 dispossable sites. Jumlah controllable sites lebih banyak didapati jentik karena digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Terdapat 18 kabupaten/kota memiliki density figure kategori sedang dan 27 kabupaten/kota dikategorikan memiliki kepadatan jentik yang tinggi. Cara yang dianggap efektif dan tepat dalam pencegahan dan pemberantasan DBD saat ini adalah dengan memberantas sarang nyamuk penularnya (PSN-DBD) melalui gerakan 3M plus yang memerlukan partisipasi seluruh lapisan masyarakat