AN EFFICIENT ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION METHOD FOR TIMING ERRORS

Timing errors are an important concern in nanometer CMOS technologies. A promising way to overcome the timing errors is the development of error detection and correction techniques. A local error detection and correction technique is done in this work. It is based on a new bit flipping flip flop. Whenever a timing error is detected, it is corrected by complementing the output of the corresponding flip flop. No extra circuitry is inserted in the design. Timing errors are identified and corrected within a single cycle and hence design complexity is reduced which results in reduced power consumption and low silicon area when compared to the earlier designs

Arithmetic Operations on Intuitionistic Hexagonal Fuzzy Numbers Using ? Cut

Presently, the fuzzy set theory has been also developed in a large extent and different variations and simplification. This paper focuses on alpha cuts in intuitionistic hexagonal fuzzy numbers by assuming different alpha values without affecting its originality. We have proposed a new arithmetic operation on alpha - cuts of hexagonal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. Numerical examples are done to show the e?ciency of the study

Steroid cell tumour of the ovary: a case report with review of literature

Virilising ovarian tumours account for less than 5% of all ovarian tumours. A steroid cell tumour (SCTs) of the ovary comes under the sex cord stromal tumours and accounts for only 0.1% of all ovarian tumours. Almost 75% are functioning tumors with production of androgenic hormones causing virilisation and cushingoid features. They are usually unilateral, benign with only 25-45% malignant cases. Here authors report the incidence of steroid cell tumour in our institution and discuss about a 37-year-old woman with steroid cell tumour, not otherwise specified who presented with oligomenorrhea followed by amenorrhea, secondary infertility and signs of virilisation

Effect of educational interventions on pharmacovigilance awareness among M.B.B.S. internee’s in a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) has played a major role in detection of previously unobserved ADRs. In spite of setting up ADR monitoring centres, only 6-10% of all ADRs are reported which has been contributed to the lack of knowledge among healthcare professionals. This study was planned to address this aspect. To evaluate and compare the effect of educational intervention in enhancing the knowledge of MBBS internee’s regarding pharmacovigilance.Methods: A cross sectional, educational interventional observational study was conducted using two copies of a pretested validated questionnaire (pre & post CME) with 17 questions among 130 MBBS internees. They were subjected to a Continuous Medical Education on pharmacovigilance. A hand’s on training on ADR reporting was also conducted in which they were divided into 10 batches and  asked to fill a Central Drugs Standard Control Organization Adverse Drug Reporting form on the case scenario given to them and forms were analyzed.Results: Out of 130 internees, 114 (87.69%) and 98 (75.38%) had completely filled them. The overall awareness about pharmacovigilance increased from 62.50% to 82.25% (p< 0.0001). There was a statistically significant increase in mean value from 14.38 ± 0.3020 to 18.92 ± 0.2860 (p< 0.0001) on analyzing the knowledge scores. 90% of ADR forms revealed substantial errors, which were explained to the participants.Conclusions: This study clearly shows that early sensitization through educational interventions at internship phase of M.B.B.S. will increase the number of ADRs being reported in our country

CO2 fixation by seaweeds and their role in De-acidifying Ocean - An experimental approach

CO2 fixation by seaweeds and their role in De-acidifying Ocean - An experimental approac

A Study on FNAC and Biopsy Correlation of Thyroid Lesions - Immunohistochemistry of Thyroid Malignancy

Thyroid lesions are common in surgical practice with incidence of 4-7% of the population82. The incidence of thyroid malignancy is 1% with papillary carcinoma of thyroid being the most common comprising about 84% of thyroid malignancies. The salient features observed in the study were: 1. Thyroid lesions constitute about 12.98% of head and neck lesions. 2. Thyroid tumours constitute about 1.36% of head & neck lesions. 3. The incidence of papillary carcinoma of thyroid is 10.5% 4. The common age group affected was 30-39yrs. 5. The median age of presentation of papillary carcinoma thyroid was 39yrs. 6. Females were commonly affected with male female ratio of about 1:10.1. 7. 74% of thyroid FNAC had positive correlation with histopathology. 8. Non neoplastic lesions were more common than neoplastic lesions in thyroid with a incidence of 86%. 9. Nodular goiter was more common among non neoplastic lesions in both cytology and histopathology with a incidence of 76% and 61% respectively. 10. Follicular adenoma was the most common neoplastic lesion in both cytology and histopathology with a incidence of 9% and 13% respectively. 11. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in detecting neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions was 82%, 78% and 97% respectively. 12. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of FNAC for detecting papillary carcinoma of thyroid was 100%,91.98% and 92.31%. 13. Ki-67 staining was seen in 52.38% in PTC, 68.75% in follicular adenoma, 62.5% in nodular goiter. 14. p53 staining was seen in 47.62% in PTC, 75% in follicular adenoma and 50% in nodular goiter. Both these markers were statistically significant in differentiating non neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, FNAC is a safe, simple, rapid, cost effective and accurate method in diagnosing thyroid lesions with high sensitivity, specificity and efficacy. It can be used as an initial investigation in the management of thyroid diseases and avoid unnecessary surgery

Large chorangiomas: a seven years study in a tertiary care obstetrics and gynaecology hospital

Background: Chorangioma is a benign vascular placental tumour. It is composed of fetal capillary proliferation within the chorionic villi supported by a variable stroma. Smaller lesions are incidental, are often missed and carry no clinical significance. Larger lesions are associated with feto-maternal complications and are infrequently sent for histopathological examination.Methods: The study was conducted at the department of pathology, at a tertiary care obstetrics and gynaecology hospital. The study was a retrospective study which covered 7 years. Paraffin embedded blocks of placental specimens containing mass were taken up for the study. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H and E). The results are compared and correlated with clinicopathologic factors. The statistical data are analysed manually.Results: A total of seven cases were included in the study, 4 cases were primi gravida, 1 case each in second, third and fourth gravida. Pregnancy outcome was intrauterine death in 1 case, dead born in 1 case, alive healthy children in 5 cases, birth weight was normal in 4 children, low birth weight in 2 children and 1 was extremely low birth weight. Of the total of 7 placental specimens 3 showed extraplacental mass and rest 4 showed intraplacental mass. All cases showed solitary lesions and measured > 5cm (large). Histopathological examination of all 7 specimens showed features of chorangioma.Conclusions: Careful inspection of the placenta is necessary following all deliveries. Any suspicious lesions should be documented and evaluated by histopathological examination there by predicting feto maternal complications and help the clinicians in better management of the mother and child accordingly. Meagre documentation of such cases prompted us to present this series of 7 cases of large chorangiomas with a mixed fetal outcome

Biopotency of Biophytum sensitivum DC

The present study was intended to examine the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, larvicidal potentials of B. sensitivum DC. The total phenolic content was determined by the standard method described by Siddhuraju and Becker (2003). The antioxidant activity of different extracts were determined using the stable radical DPPH, phosphomolybdenum and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide assays according to the standard method. In addition, the larvicidal and cytotoxic properties of the various extract of B. sensitivum were examined. Maximum amount of extractable total phenolics was observed in methanolic extracts of B. sensitivum (1399.84 ± 215.79mg GAE/g). The best free radical (DPPH) scavenging activity of B. sensitivum was observed in acetone extracts with IC50 value 30.12µg/ml. The methanolic extracts of B. sensitivum displayed the strongest phosphomolybdenum reduction (202.24 ± 11.44 g AA/100 g) compared to other tested extracts. The methanolic extracts of B. sensitivum showed highest larval mortality in terms of lethal concentrations for 50% mortality against Culex quinquefasciatus with LC50= 215.34 mg/ml. The methanolic extract of B. sensitivum displayed most effective at 90% mortality (LC90) of brine shrimp nauplii occurred at 66.34 mg/ml Conclusion: The present investigations suggest that methanolic and acetone extracts showed a good result of antioxidant, larvicidal and cytotoxic activity. It was found that the high rates of phenolic substances widely distributed in B. sensitivum

In vitro propagation of Solidago virgaurea L. through nodal culture

A reliable in vitro propagation protocol has been established from nodal segmentsof a highly valuable medicinal plant Solidago virgaurea L. The explants were cultured onMurashige and Skoog’s medium augmented with different concentrations andcombinations of plant growth regulators for shoot bud initiation and multiplications.Highest frequency of shoot proliferation (91.8 ± 0.64) and maximum number (12.1 ± 0.20) pernode was observed in Murashige and Skoog’s medium augmented with4.5 mg/l of Kinetinin combination with 0.5 mg/l of Indole -3- Acetic acid. Highest frequency (91.7 ± 1.43) ofrooting and maximum number (3.8 ± 0.28) of rootlet per shoot let was achieved onMurashige and Skoog’s medium fortified with 4.5 mg/l of Indole -3- Acetic acid incombination with 0.5 mg/l of Benzyl -6- amino purine. Regenerated plants weresuccessfully transferred to field (78%)