The Abode of Water: Shipwreck Evidence and the Maritime Circulation of Medicine Between Iran and China in the 9th Through 14th Centuries

This dissertation traces the role of Persian travelers and physicians in the maritime exchange of medical goods and knowledge between Iran and China between the ninth through the fourteenth centuries, and the afterlife of that exchange in modern museums. The Maritime Silk Road was a cosmopolitan network of premodern trade arteries linking the Far East and Southeast Asia to the Middle East by sea. The long-standing cultural and economic exchange across these thoroughfares dramatically expanded the pharmaceutical ingredients and medicinal recipes available to physicians practicing across the littorals of the Indian Ocean and South China Sea and facilitated the intellectual engagement of scholars with medical theories from afar. Drawing from an archive of shipwreck artifacts that includes medical goods, herbs, trade wares, and the personal effects of seafarers interpreted alongside written accounts of sea travel, medical and philosophical texts, tomb inscriptions, and architecture in port cities, this dissertation explores how the maritime journey of Persian travelers to China influenced the epistemology and practice of Persian medicine. The first chapter addresses the current state of Southeast Asian shipwreck archaeology and traces the trajectories of medical, scientific, and related shipwreck and navigational artifacts within Western museum collections. Chapter two introduces the historical context in which Persian merchants moved in Middle Period China and initiates a discussion of hybridity and resilience. The burning and reconstruction of the Hangzhou Phoenix mosque provides the narrative frame in which repeated outbreaks of violence in Tang and Song port cities are discussed as an analog to theories of the body and disease. Migration, hybridization, and medical collecting are examined as social and medical practices of resilience. The chapter uses archaeological evidence from port cities and the Belitung shipwreck with a narrative account of the massacre of foreign merchants in Guangzhou to situate the early maritime migration of Persian merchants to China within the changing tides of the Tang and Song periods. The third chapter analyzes the maritime trade routes as sites of spiritual and physical risk, humoral vulnerability, and initiation by examining Zoroastrian, Buddhist, and Islamic cosmologies of water and migration evident in religious rituals, medical instructions for seafarers, and the personal effects and crew supplies recovered from the Belitung, Intan, Java Sea, and Pulau Buaya wrecks. These materials are interpreted in light of reflections on the maritime life by travelers who survived the journey to China, leaving behind a ninth-century artistic depiction of a shipwreck, a narrative account, and inscriptions on the tombstones of merchants. Chapter four analyzes the medicines and medical material culture recovered from the Beliting, Java Sea, Intan, Pulau Buaya, and Quanzhou wreck sites within the framework of Persian humoral medicine. The final chapter examines the Tansūqnāma, a fourteenth-century Persian translation of Chinese medical texts, in light of the longue durée of medical exchange between China and Iran and changes to social hierarchies throughout the Mongol Empire that drastically changed the position of Persian merchants in China.PHDAnthropology and HistoryUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163150/1/arespess_1.pd

A Comparative Study of Aldehyde Oxidase from Tumorous-Head and Oregon-R-C Strains of Drosophila Melanogaster

Aldehyde oxidase has been partially purified from Oregon-R-C and tuh(ASU) strains of Drosophila melanogaster using an affinity technique. The two enzymes were subjected to a partial kinetic analysis and found to be very similar to one another. This indicated the problem of elevated aldehyde oxidase activity in tuh(ASU) at key developmental stages (Kuhn and Cunningham, 1976) is due to an abnormal regulation. A comparative isozyme study through the developmental stages showed no major differences between the enzymes indirectly supporting the idea of an abnormal regulation. A comparison of tuh(ASU) with four wild-type strains indicated it may be a fourth allozyme of aldehyde oxidase

Teaching Excellence: The Use of Heroes in Moral Education

Heroism allows us to explore morality on a much deeper level, supplying us with people, events, actions, and circumstances that make our beliefs more complex, more meaningful, and more practical. My research evaluates heroism as an instructional tool and subject for the use in moral education and personal development. In this thesis, I argue that heroes are and should be used in moral education to stimulate the retention or reevaluation of cultural values and moral conventions. My objective will be to explain how heroes are currently used to support and guide moral development, while raising important questions regarding the benefits and disadvantages of utilizing heroes in particular ways. In other words, I want to demonstrate how heroes influence our moral understanding. My thesis starts by establishing a new definition and set of necessary criteria for heroism. Using this new definition, I then discuss the advantages and limitations of using heroes to communicate, reinforce, or reevaluate moral values. Heroes have always been pedagogically significant, but have received little academic attention as instructional figures. I blend philosophy with sociological and psychological research in order to explore the educational possibilities of heroic phenomena. I support my position by examining cultural and historical icons, fictional heroes, and heroic archetypes

Intensive Survey of San Gabriel River Segment 1248: August 20-24, 1985

Survey report documenting the water of the San Gabriel River between August 20 to August 24 198

Intensive Survey of Blanco River Segment 1809: June 5-7, 1985

Survey report documenting the findings in the waters of Blanco River from June 3 to June 7, 1985

Differences in Innate Immunologic Response to Group B Streptococcus Between Colonized and Noncolonized Women

Objective: To evaluate the functional capacity of granulocytes and monocytes from pregnant and nonpregnant women in relation to group B streptococcus (GBS) colonization status. Methods: Engulfment of fluorescent GBS by peripheral blood phagocytes from GBS-colonized and noncolonized women was measured by flow cytometry. Intracellular superoxiode generated in response to GBS challenge to monocytes and granulocytes enriched from peripheral blood of these women was also measured by flow cytometry, and extracellular superoxide was determined by colorimetric assay. Results: Monocytes and granulocytes from pregnant, GBS-colonized women engulfed significantly greater numbers of GBS than phagocytes from pregnant, noncolonized women. No difference in intracellular superoxide production was detected between any of the groups of women; however, monocytes from pregnant, colonized women released significantly more superoxide into the extracellular milieu than did granulocytes from the same women. No differences in extracellular release of superoxide were observed among noncolonized women whether they were pregnant or not. Conclusions: Monocytes from pregnant, colonized women engulf more GBS and release more of the superoxide into the extracellular environment, where it is unlikely to be an effective defense mechanism against intracellular bacteria. This suggests that components of the innate immune system that should serve in a protective role may function suboptimally, thereby contributing to the colonization process by GBS

UC-249 Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage is a fast-paced FPS action game with a focus on risky gameplay and dodging enemy attacks. Fight your way through hordes of grotesque creatures and make it to the end! The player starts with limited health but can steal more from killing enemies. Then, you can unleash this stored-up health to deal massive damage to your foes! Will you choose to be an unkillable tank? Or a brutal glass cannon

Uptake of HIV and syphilis testing of pregnant women and their male partners in a programme for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Uganda

OBJECTIVE: To describe uptake of HIV and syphilis testing in a prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme in Uganda. METHODS: Analysis of data from routine HIV and syphilis testing at Entebbe Hospital antenatal services. RESULTS: A total of 20,738 women attended antenatal services. Exactly 62.8% of women, but only 1.8% of their male partners, accepted testing for HIV; 82.2% of women, but only 1.1% of their male partners accepted syphilis testing. Partners of women with positive HIV results were more likely to come for subsequent testing. Of 200 couples whose partners accepted HIV-testing within 30 days of one another, 19 (9.5%) were HIV-discordant, representing 65.5% of couples with at least one partner HIV-positive. HIV prevalence was 12.6% for women and 10.8% for men; syphilis prevalence was 4.0% for women and 6.2% for men. CONCLUSION: Uptake of HIV and syphilis testing was fairly good among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at Entebbe Hospital, but very low among their male partners. The level of HIV-discordant couples was high. These clinics should be made more couples-friendly to identify both HIV-positive men for treatment and discordant couples for HIV prevention

The effects of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3': 5'-monophosphate on concanavalin a-stimulated sterol and fatty acid synthesis in mouse spleen lymphocytes

Substantial increases in both 3[beta]-OH sterol and fatty acid synthesis were observed after concanavalin A addition to mouse spleen lymphocytes cultured in serum-free media. The rate of sterol synthesis increased linearly up to 60 h. The rate of fatty acid synthesis increased up to 20 h, reaching a plateau in synthetic activity which was the maintained. CO2 production from acetate was slightly stimulated by concanavalin A. In contrast to sterol and fatty acid synthesis, the rate of CO2 production in both mitogen-stimulated and resting cultures declined with time. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP had a strong inhibitory effect on concanavalin A-stimulated sterol and fatty acid synthesis from acetate, but only a slight effect on CO2 production. Delayed addition of dibutyryl cyclic AMP resulted in reduced inhibition. The data suggest a sequence of initiation for fatty acid and sterol synthesis prior to DNA synthesis and a possible regulatory role of cyclic AMP in this initiation. The results support the hypothesis that lymphocyte activation is sequential within the spleen cell population and is accompanied by fatty acid and sterol synthesis.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/22613/1/0000163.pd

Molecular analysis of rearrangements in human ribosomal RNA gene clones

Human placental DNA, enriched for ribosomal sequences, was cloned in the phage vector [lambda]Charon 16A. Recombinants containing 28S rDNA sequences were isolated, and all were found to have deletions in the insert and/or vector DNA. Electron microscopic analysis was used to map the deletions and provide evidence that unstable forms of the recombinants can revert to the original vector or undergo further rearrangements. Specific deletions are manifested as previously unreported plaque phenotypes.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25104/1/0000536.pd