The use of low energy photons in brachytherapy : dosimetric and microdosimetric studies around 103Pd and 125I seeds

The general context of this work is the use of low energy photon sealed sources in brachytherapy. We have worked in particular on two isotopes: I-125 (mean energy of 27 keV) and Pd-103 (mean energy of 21 keV). The sealed sources are prepared as cylindrical seeds 4.5 mm in length and 0.8 mm in radius. Even if the external dimensions are standard, the internal design can be extremely different from one model to the other as the manufacturers try to improve the dosimetric characteristics of their sources. These isotopes are used mainly as permanent implants for prostate tumours but can also be used in the treatment of eye tumours. Compared to the higher energy photon sources, they offer the physical advantages of a safer manipulation from a radioprotection point of view and of the reduction of the dose to the surrounding healthy tissues. When performing a clinical treatment, it is absolutely mandatory to be able to report very precisely various parameters that can have an impact on the patient treatment outcomes. These parameters are, for example, the prescribed dose, the doses at different organs, the degree of uniformity that has been achieved on the target or some dose-volume information. The brachytherapy treatment planning systems (TPS) also permit more and more to conform the treatment to the patient anatomy, like in external treatments. In the case of prostate tumours, it has been possible for a few years, using ultrasound imaging, to check the positioning of the seeds and to calculate the dose distribution in real time during the implantation procedure. It is clear that to achieve a good precision in the treatment itself, the sources dosimetric characteristics must be known with a maximum of precision. As at these low energies the dosimetric characteristics are very dependant on the internal design, this implies a thorough study of any new source design. This is the subject of the first part of this work with the determination of the dosimetric characteristics of two new models of seed produced by the IBt Company. That determination has been done using measurements with thermoluminescent detectors and Monte Carlo calculations with two codes: MCNP4C and EGSnrc. The comparison of these two codes with the measurements has brought into evidence the necessity to use up to date cross section libraries during the calculations and to take into account the presence of the detectors during the measurements. However, the dosimetry is only one part of the problem when dealing with these low energy sources in radiotherapy. The irradiated materials are complex living tissues, composed of many substructures on which radiations have not always the same impact. It is now largely accepted that the most radiosensitive part of a living cell is the DNA. When photons interact with matter, they produce electrons that deposit their energy as ionisations and excitations of the atoms. These ionisations, if they occur with or close to the DNA molecule, are responsible for damaging it. That structure can support a certain amount of damage and stay functional thanks to repair mechanisms, but these mechanisms have limits in the way they can handle multiple breaks in the DNA strands. If these breaks are too close in space and time, repair is not possible and the cell dies. [...]Le cadre général de ce travail est l'utilisation de sources scellées de photons de basse énergie en curiethérapie. Nous avons travaillé en particulier avec deux isotopes : I-125 (énergie moyenne de 27 keV) et le Pd-103 (énergie moyenne de 21 keV). Les sources scellées se présentent sous la forme de grains cylindriques de 4.5 mm de long et 0.8 mm de rayon. Bien que les dimensions externes soient standards, la configuration interne peut être extrêmement différente d'un modèle à l'autre vu que les fabricants essaient d'améliorer les caractéristiques dosimétriques de leurs sources. Ces isotopes sont utilisés comme implants permanents pour les tumeurs de la prostate mais peuvent aussi être utilisés dans le traitement des tumeurs ophtalmiques. Comparés aux sources de plus haute énergie, ils offrent l'avantage physique d'une manipulation plus facile du point de vue de la radioprotection et d'une réduction de la dose aux tissus sains avoisinants. Lors d'un traitement clinique, il est important de pouvoir rapporter précisément certains paramètres qui peuvent avoir un impact sur les résultats du traitement pour le patient. Ces paramètres sont par exemple la dose prescrite, les doses à différents organes, le degré d'uniformité atteint sur le volume cible ou certaines information dose-volume. Les systèmes de calcul de dose pour la curiethérapie permettent également de mieux en mieux de conformer le traitement à l'anatomie du patient, comme en radiothérapie externe. Dans le cas des tumeurs de la prostate, il est possible depuis quelques années de vérifier la position des sources et de calculer les distributions de dose en temps réel lors de l'implantation grâce à l'utilisation d'une sonde ultrason. Il est clair que pour arriver à une bonne précision lors du traitement lui-même, il est indispensable de connaître les caractéristiques dosimétriques des sources avec un maximum de précision. Vu que, à ces basses énergies, les ccaractéristiques dosimétriques sont très dépendantes de la structure interne de sources, cela implique une étude minutieuse et complète de chaque nouveau modèle de grain mis sur le marché. Ceci forme le cadre de la première partie de ce travail qui est la détermination des caractéristiques dosimétriques de deux nouveaux modèles de grains produits par la compagnie IBt. Cette détermination a été réalisée grâce à l'utilisation de détecteurs thermoluminescents et de calculs de Monte Carlo avec deux codes : MCNP4C et EGSnrc. La comparaison de ces deux codes avec les mesures a permit de mettre en évidence la nécessité d'utiliser des bibliothèques de sections efficaces récentes lors des calculs et de prendre en compte la présence des détecteurs lors des mesures [...](SBIM 3)--UCL, 200

Technical Note: Cone beam CT imaging for 3D image guided brachytherapy for gynecological HDR brachytherapy

Purpose: This paper focuses on a novel image guidance technique for gynecological brachytherapy treatment. The present standard technique is orthogonal x-ray imaging to reconstruct the 3D position of the applicator when the availability of CT or MR is limited. Our purpose is to introduce 3D planning in the brachytherapy suite using a cone beam CT (CBCT) scanner dedicated to brachytherapy. This would avoid moving the patient between imaging and treatment procedures which may cause applicator motion. This could be used to replace the x-ray images or to verify the treatment position immediately prior to dose delivery. Methods: The sources of CBCT imaging artifacts in the case of brachytherapy were identified and removed where possible. The image quality was further improved by modifying the x-ray tube voltage, modifying the compensator bowtie filter and optimizing technical parameters such as the detector gain or tube current. Results: The image quality was adequate to reconstruct the applicators in the treatment planning system. The position of points A and the localization of the organs at risk (OAR) ICRU points is easily achieved. This allows identification of cases where the rectum had moved with respect to the ICRU point which would require asymmetrical source loading. A better visualization is a first step toward a better sparing of the OAR. Conclusions: Treatment planning for gynecological brachytherapy is aided by CBCT images. CBCT presents advantages over CT: acquisition in the treatment room and in the treatment position due to the larger clearance of the CBCT, thereby reducing problems associated to moving patients between rooms

The radial dose function of low-energy brachytherapy seeds in different solid phantoms: comparison between calculations with the EGSnrc and MCNP4C Monte Carlo codes and measurements.

The use of low-energy photon emitters for brachytherapy applications, as in the treatment of the prostate or of eye tumours, has drastically increased in the last few years. New seed models for 103Pd and 125I have recently been introduced. The American Association of Physicists in Medicine recommends that measurements are made to obtain the dose rate constant, the radial dose function and the anisotropy function. These results must then be compared with Monte Carlo calculations to finally obtain the dosimetric parameters in liquid water. We have used the results obtained during the characterization of the new InterSource (furnished by IBt, Seneffe, Belgium) palladium and iodine sources to compare two Monte Carlo codes against experiment for these low energies. The measurements have been performed in three different media: two solid water plastics, WT1 and RW1, and polymethylmetacrylate. The Monte Carlo calculations were made using two different codes: MCNP4C and EGSnrc. These codes use photon cross-section data of a different origin. Differences were observed between both sets of input data below 100 keV, especially for the photoelectric effect. We obtained differences in the radial dose functions calculated with each code, which can be explained by the difference between the input data. New cross-section data were then tested for both codes. The agreement between the calculations using these new libraries is excellent. The differences are within the statistical uncertainties of the calculations. These results were compared with the experimental data. A good agreement is reached for both isotopes and in the three phantoms when the measured values are corrected for the presence of the TLDs in the phantom

Investigation of the anisotropic distribution of microdosimetric quantities in the vicinity of X-ray-irradiated gold nanoparticles

International audienceHigh-Z nanoparticles incorporated in tumors have great potential to enhance radiotherapy treatments by increasing the absorbed radiation dose in the vicinity of the nanoparticle. However, current Monte Carlo simulations estimate dose enhancement metrics in 1D, neglecting the anisotropy of the energy deposition around the nanoparticle. This could have radiobiological consequences and affect treatment accuracy. Accurate knowledge of the spatial distribution of the dose or other microdosimetric quantities is necessary for predicting radiobiological outcomes using biophysical models. In this study, we utilized a new combination of two Monte Carlo Variance Reduction Techniques (VRTs) to estimate microdosimetric quantities at the nanoscale, taking into account the anisotropy of the microdosimetric distributions. Our results show significant anisotropy in multi-events frequency-mean specific energy, as well as in microdosimetric distributions. These findings highlight the importance of considering anisotropy in microdosimetric distributions when predicting radiobiological outcomes and suggest that current 1D simulations may not accurately represent the real microdosimetric effects. Our work contributes to the development of multiscale dosimetry approaches for radiotherapy treatments with high-Z nanoparticles

Dual-energy CT evaluation of 3D printed materials for radiotherapy applications

OBJECTIVE: There is a continuous increase in 3D printing applications in several fields including medical imaging and radiotherapy. Although there are numerous advantages of using 3D printing for the development of customized phantoms, bolus, quality assurance devices and other clinical applications, material properties are not well known and printer settings can affect considerably the properties (e.g. density, isotropy and homogeneity) of the printed parts. This study aims to evaluate several materials and printer properties to identify a range of tissue-mimicking materials. APPROACH: Dual-energy CT was used to obtain the effective atomic number (Zeff) and relative electron density (RED) for thirty-one different materials including different colours of the same filament from the same manufacturer and the same type of filament from different manufacturers. In addition, a custom bone equivalent filament was developed and evaluated since a high-density filament with a composition similar to bone is not commercially available. Printing settings such as infill density, infill pattern, layer height and nozzle size were also evaluated. MAIN RESULTS: Large differences were observed for HU (288), RED (>10%) and Zeff (>50%) for different colours of the same filament due to the colour pigment. Results show a wide HU variation (-714 to 1104), RED (0.277 to 1.480) and Zeff (5.22 to 12.39) between the printed samples with some materials being comparable to commercial tissue-mimicking materials and good substitutes to a range of materials from lung to bone. Printer settings can result in directional dependency and significantly affect the homogeneity of the samples. SIGNIFICANCE: The use of DECT to extract RED, and Zeff allows for quantitative imaging and dosimetry using 3D printed materials equivalent to certified tissue mimicking tissues