The spatial distributions of cortical regions showing significant effect of gender, longitudinal time, and gender-time interaction on the nodal betweenness centrality.

<p>The color represents F values. Significant regions are overlaid on inflated surface maps at the Medium view with BrainNet Viewer software (<a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv" target="_blank">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv</a>). M = male, F = female. For the abbreviations of the cortical regions, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118857#pone.0118857.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Comparison of network metrics with longitudinal scans between male (n = 12) and female (n = 14).

<p>The statistical results were computed with a two-way linear mixed model with longitudinal time as within-subject fact, gender as between-subject factor and time by gender as interaction. The effect of age at 1^st scan, handedness, education level, and brain size were adjusted for all of these analyses. Post-hoc results of the global topological measures were detailed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118857#pone.0118857.g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4</a>. <b>Bold</b> indicates variables that are statistically significant (p < 0.05), <i>italic</i> indicates variables that show trend of significance (p < 0.10).</p><p>Comparison of network metrics with longitudinal scans between male (n = 12) and female (n = 14).</p

The spatial distribution of cortical regions showing significant gender effect.

<p>The color bar represents F values of group comparison. L and R represent left and right hemisphere, respectively. For the abbreviations of the cortical regions, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118857#pone.0118857.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. The figures were visualized with BrainNet Viewer software (<a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/" target="_blank">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/</a>).</p

The global network hubs with high betweenness centrality in male subjects and female subjects.

<p>Regions with betweenness centrality one S.D. greater than the average over the network were identified as hubs. The hub nodes are shown in red (male) and blue (female) with node size representing their normalized nodal betweenness centrality. The regions were overlaid on the brain surface at the Medium view. The nodal regions are located according to their centroid stereotaxic coordinates. The figures were visualized with BrainNet Viewer software (<a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/" target="_blank">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/</a>).</p

Abbreviations of cortical and subcortical regions defined in Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) template image in standard stereotaxic space.

<p>Abbreviations of cortical and subcortical regions defined in Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) template image in standard stereotaxic space.</p

Post-hoc statistical analysis of global network metrics.

<p>Bars represent mean ± standard deviations. Each horizontal line and associated number represent the p-value of a <i>t</i>-test (paired <i>t</i>-test for longitudinal time effect, and two-sample <i>t</i>-test for gender effect). Males and females are marked separately: M1 = males at 1^st scan (light blue), M2 = males at 2^nd scan (blue), F1 = females at 1^st scan (light red), and F2 = females at 2^nd scan (red).</p