Western Hemispheric Trade Agreements and Sustainability: Lesson From Butterflies, Hummingbirds, and Salty Anchovies

The relationship between international commerce and sustainable development is the subject of much controversy that is exacerbated by geographic boundaries that are co-jointly developed, shaped, and sustained by regional trade agreements. The outcomes of three Americas trade agreements - NAFTA, CAFTA, and USPTPA - are analyzed across three dimensions: economic, ecological, and labor. The three dimensions collectively form for each trade region a specific ECOL niche that is concurrently subject to national variation. We propose and find that low-ECOL niches in the Americas appear to attract more foreign trade with investment. Nevertheless, this tentative finding seems not to hold for those corporations that seek out strong ECOL niche countries like Costa Rica

Characterization of the atmosphere during SEN2FLEX 2005 campaign

The European Space Agency carried out the Sentinel-2 and Fluorescence Experiment (SEN2FLEX) campaign in Barrax (Spain) during the summer of 2005, with the main objective of observe solar induced fluorescence signal using the AirFLEX airborne instrument over different vegetation targets in order to verify signal suitability for observations from space as proposed in the FLEX mission. A highly precise atmospheric correction is mandatory for adequate measurements of the AirFLEX instrument; thus a complete characterization of the atmosphere was programmed in SEN2FLEX in order to document the presence of atmospheric aerosols above the experimental area, as their effects represent the major source of uncertainty in atmospheric correction algorithms. In this work, an analysis of the atmospheric data is presented focusing on its eventual application to atmospheric correction of satellite imagery. Validation of Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) aerosol optical depth and columnar water vapor content retrievals has been included as an example of application to remote sensing products. A relevant feature was the arrival of a Saharan dust intrusion from 13 to 15 July, yielding the increase of aerosol optical depth at 550 nm from 0.1 to 0.5 because of changes in the vertical distribution of aerosols, with a transport layer located between 1.5 and 4 km. An accurate knowledge of these aerosol features will be relevant in future implementation of atmospheric correction code of the airborne and satellite hyperspectral imagery

The World Saffron and Crocus collection: strategies for establishment, management, characterisation and utilisation

[EN] Since 2007, the European Commission AGRI GEN RES 018 "CROCUSBANK" action has permitted the creation of the alleged World Saffron and Crocus Collection (WSCC), a unique collection which contains a representation of the genetic variability present in saffron crop and wild relatives at global scale. At present the germplasm collection, housed at the Bank of Plant Germplasm of Cuenca (BGV-CU, Spain), consists of 572 preserved accessions representing 47 different Crocus species (including saffron Crocus) and is expected to increase up to more than 600 accessions by the end of CROCUSBANK action (May 2011). The preserved biodiversity of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) covers a wide range of the genetic variability of the crop and currently consists of 220 accessions from 15 countries: 169 of these come from European cultivation countries, 18 from commercial areas in non EU countries, 26 from regions of minimal or relict production and/or from abandoned fields and 7 from commercial nurseries. The non-saffron Crocus collection currently comprises 352 accessions: 179 collected from the wild in 12 countries of natural distribution, 24 from donations of public and private institutions, 91 from commercial nurseries and 58 acquired from BGV-CU collection management. Here we provide a record of collections, activities concerns and current strategies for documentation, conservation, characterisation, and management of the collection as important tools for researchers with interest in these valuable genetic resources.Many of the results presented in this paper are an outcome of the project "Genetic Resources of Saffron and Allies" (CROCUSBANK, http://www.crocusbank.org). This action receives financial support from the European Commission, Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Development, under the Council Regulation (EC) No. 870/2004 establishing a Community Programme on the conservation, characterisation, collection, and utilisation of genetic resources in Agriculture (018 AGRI GEN RES ACTION). In addition some of the activities presented took a long period of time and have been partially supported by the following projects or actions: RFP-1 (Consejeria de Agricultura, JCCM, Spain), 05-172/IA-35 (Consejeria de Agricultura, JCCM, Spain), PAI09-0021-0413 and PBI09-0025-1537 (Consejeria de Educacion y Ciencia, JCCM, Spain), RF2008-0012-C03 (Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, MEC, Spain), RF2004-0032-C03 (Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, MEC, Spain). Special thanks to the following donor's institutions: Regulatory Council for the "La Mancha Saffron" designation of origin (DOP, La Mancha, Spain); The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (Denmark); Asociacion de Naturalistas del Sureste (ANSE, Spain); Centro de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agroalimentaria de Aragon (CITA, Spain); MTS Schipper & Elberse (Holland); Botanic Garden Utrecht University (The Netherlands); National Botanic Garden of Belgium (Belgium); Jardin Alpin du Lautaret (France); Frega S. R. L. (Argentina); Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville Geneve (Switzerland); Herbario Sant (Spain); Conservatoire Botanique National de Brest (France); Jardin des Plantes Medicinales et Aromatiques (France); Baby Brand Saffron (India); Azienda Agricola di Di Marco Amalia (Italy); Azienda Agricola IL Vecchio Maneggio (Italy); New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research (New Zealand); Ljubljana University Botanic Garden (Slovenia) and the Afghanistan Government. We thank very much the traditional saffron growers of different countries (Spain, France, Greece, Italy, Iran, Morocco, etc.), associations, companies, researchers, forest rangers and all the people who have contributed with materials included in the collection (for more detailed information see the website www.crocusbank.org).Fernandez, J.; Santana, O.; Guardiola, J.; Molina Romero, RV.; Heslop-Harrison, P.; Borbely, G.; Branca, F.... (2011). The World Saffron and Crocus collection: strategies for establishment, management, characterisation and utilisation. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 58(1):125-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-010-9601-5S125137581Abdullaev FI (2002) Cancer chemopreventive and tumoricidal properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Exp Biol Med Maywood 227:20–25Abdullaev FI (2004) Antitumor effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Overview and perspectives. 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