Machined and plastic copings in three-element prostheses with different types of implantabutment joints: a strain gauge comparative analysis

OBJECTIVE: Using strain gauge (SG) analysis, the aim of this in vitro study was quantify the strain development during the fixation of three-unit screw implant-supported fixed partial dentures, varying the types of implant-abutment joints and the type of prosthetic coping. The hypotheses were that the type of hexagonal connection would generate different microstrains and the type of copings would produce similar microstrains after prosthetic screws had been tightened onto microunit abutments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three dental implants with external (EH) and internal (IH) hexagonal configurations were inserted into two polyurethane blocks. Microunit abutments were screwed onto their respective implant groups, applying a torque of 20 Ncm. Machined Co-Cr copings (M) and plastic prosthetic copings (P) were screwed onto the abutments, which received standard wax patterns. The wax patterns were cast in Co-Cr alloy (n=5), forming four groups: G1) EH/M; G2) EH/P; G3) IH/M and G4) IH/P. Four SGs were bonded onto the surface of the block tangentially to the implants, SG 1 mesially to implant 1, SG 2 and SG 3 mesially and distally to implant 2, respectively, and SG 4 distally to implant 3. The superstructure's occlusal screws were tightened onto microunit abutments with 10 Ncm torque using a manual torque driver. The magnitude of microstrain on each SG was recorded in units of microstrain (µε). The data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (

Estudo do efeito da ciclagem térmica na resistência da união adesiva entre uma cerâmica aluminizada e um cimento resinoso

This study evaluated the effect of thermocycling on the bond strength between Procera AllCeram (Nobel-Biocare) and a resin cement (Panavia F, Kuraray CO). Nine ceramic blocks with dimensions of 5x6x6mm were conditioned at one face with Rocatec System (Espe). After, they were luted with Panavia F to composite resin blocks (Clearfil AP-X, Kuraray CO). The nine groups formed by ceramic, cement and composite resin were split up obtaining 75 samples with dimensions of 12x1x1mm and adhesive surface presenting 1mm²&plusmn;0.1mm² of area. The samples were divided into 3 groups (n=25): G1 - 14 days in distilled water at 37ºC; G2 - 6,000 cycles in water (5ºC - 55ºC - 30s); G3 - 12,000 cycles in water (5ºC - 55ºC - 30s). The samples were tested in a universal testing machine (EMIC) at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests. The results indicated that mean values of rupture tension (MPa) of G1 (10.71 &plusmn; 3.54) did not differ statistically (pEste trabalho avaliou o efeito da ciclagem térmica sobre a resistência adesiva entre a cerâmica aluminizada (Procera AllCeram, Nobel-Biocare) e um cimento resinoso (Panavia F, Kuraray CO). Nove blocos de cerâmica, com dimensões de 5x6x6mm, foram condicionados em uma de suas faces com o Sistema Rocatec (ESPE). A seguir foram cimentados a blocos de resina composta (Clearfil AP-X, Kuraray CO). Os conjuntos cerâmica-cimento-resina foram cortados em 75 corpos-de-prova com formato retangular com dimensões de 12x1x1mm e superfície adesiva apresentando 1mm² &plusmn; 0,1mm². Os corpos-de-prova foram divididos em três grupos (n=25): G1 - 14 dias em água destilada a 37ºC, G2 - 6000 ciclos em água (5ºC e 55ºC) e G3 - 12000 ciclos em água (5ºC e 55ºC). Os corpos-de-prova foram ensaiados sob velocidade de 1mm/min em máquina de ensaio universal (EMIC). Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente com os testes de Anova e Tukey e indicaram que os valores médios de tensão de rupturas (MPa) de G1 (10,71 &plusmn; 3,54) não diferiram estatisticamente (p < 5%) de G2 (9,01 &plusmn; 3,90), porém houve diferença significativa entre G1 e G3 (7,28 &plusmn; 3,00). Concluiu-se que a ciclagem térmica diminuiu a resistência adesiva significativamente quando os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a 12000 ciclos

Avaliação do efeito da força de aperto de parafusos de retenção na desadaptação marginal de próteses sobre implantes

OBJECTIVES: The present in vitro study was designed to compare the differences in the vertical misfit of implant-supported frameworks using three different forces for tightening the bridge locking screws: fastening by hand until first resistance, and using torque drivers with 10 and 20Ncm. METHODS: The investigation was conducted based on the results given by 9 six-unit nickel-chromium (2 abutments/ 4 pontics) screw-retained implant-supported frameworks. The structures were exposed to simulated porcelain firings. The marginal misfit measurements were made using a traveling measuring microscope at selected screw tightening forces: fastening by hand until first resistance, and using torque drivers with 10 and 20Ncm. The results were submitted to one-way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor, and post hoc pairwise comparisons using Tukey test (5%). RESULTS: The mean marginal misfit of the frameworks, fastening the screws by hand until first resistance, was 41.56µm (SD&plusmn;12.45µm). The use of torque driver devices caused a significant reduction in marginal opening (pO presente estudo avaliou o efeito da força de aperto de parafusos de retenção na desadaptação marginal de próteses sobre implantes. A investigação foi conduzida baseada em resultados fornecidos por nove estruturas metálicas implanto-suportadas de seis elementos (02 retentores e 04 pônticos), retidas por parafusos. A mensuração da desadaptação marginal foi realizada com auxílio de microscópio óptico, nos seguintes momentos: M1: aperto com chave manual até a primeira resistência do parafuso; M2: aperto utilizando torquímetro mecânico com 10Ncm e M3: aperto utilizando torquímetro mecânico com 20Ncm. As médias de desadaptação foram submetidas à análise estatística (ANOVA e Tukey). O emprego de torquímetros mecânicos, independente do valor de torque, determinou redução significativa na abertura marginal (

Efeito da ciclagem térmica sobre a resistência de união entre uma cerâmica infiltrada com vidro e um cimento resinoso

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of thermocycling on the bond strength between the surface of the glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic In-Ceram (VITA) and the Panavia F resin cement (Kuraray CO.). Four 5x6x6mm In-Ceram blocks were obtained. One of the 6x6mm faces of each block was conditioned with Cojet - System (tribochemical silica coating, ESPE-3M) and then luted under a constant 750g pressure with Panavia F cement to another identical face of a resin composit block (Clearfil AP-X, Kuraray) obtained by reproduction of the ceramic one from Express (3M) addition curing silicone impressions. The four sets so formed by ceramic, luting cement and resin have been each one serially sectioned in 20 sticks so that the adhesive surface in each presented 1mm² of area. The samples were divided in 2 groups (n=10): G1- stored for 7 days in deionized water at 36 ± 2ºC; G2 - thermocycled 1500 times between 5 and 55ºC dwell times. The microtensile tests were accomplished in an universal testing machine (EMIC) at a crosshead speed of 0,5 mm/min. The results showed that the mean tensile bond strength values (MPa) for the group G2: (22,815 ± 5,254) had not statistically differ of the values of group G1: (25,628 ± 3,353) (t = 1,427; gl = 18; p-value = 0,171), at the level of a= 5%. It can be concluded that the thermocycling technique used in the present experiment had not produced statistically significant differences between the bond strength results of the specimens obtained by the two used techniques.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da ciclagem térmica sobre a resistência de adesão entre a superfície da cerâmica In-Ceram Alumina (VITA) e o cimento resinoso Panavia F (Kuraray). Foram confeccionados quatro blocos de cerâmica In-Ceram com dimensões de 5x6x6mm. Uma das faces com 6x6mm de cada bloco cerâmico, após condicionamento com o sistema Cojet (ESPE-3M) (jateamento com óxido de alumínio/jateamento com óxido de sílica/ silanização) foi cimentada com Panavia F, sob peso constante de 750g, a outro bloco idêntico de resina composta Clearfil AP-X (Kuraray). Os blocos de resina foram obtidos por meio de duplicação daqueles de cerâmica a partir de moldes com silicona de adição Express (3M). Os quatro conjuntos formados por cerâmica, cimento e resina foram seccionados em 20 corpos-de-prova com forma de palitos, de modo que a região adesiva apresentasse 1mm² de área. Dois grupos (n=10) foram constítuidos: G1- estocagem por 7 dias em água deionizada à 36 ± 2ºC; G2- 1500 ciclos entre 5ºC e 55ºC com intervalos de 30 segundos. A seguir, foi realizado o teste de microtração em máquina de ensaio universal (EMIC) com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Os resultados mostraram que os valores médios de tensão de ruptura (MPa) para o grupo G2: (22,815 ± 5,254) não tiveram diferenças estatisticamente significantes daqueles do grupo G1: (25,628 ± 3,353) (t= 1,427; gl = 18; p-valor = 0,171), ao nível de significância de 5%. A partir destes resultados, entendemos lícito concluir que o efeito da ciclagem térmica não produziu alterações estatisticamente significantes nos valores da resistência adesiva

The importance of correct implants positioning and masticatory load direction on a fixed prosthesis

Through the biomechanical study of dental implants, it is possible to understand the dissipation effects of masticatory loads in different situations and prevent the longevity of osseointegration. Aims: To evaluate the microstrains generated around external hexagon implants, using axial and non-axial loads in a fixed four-element prosthesis with straight implants and implants inclined at 17°. Three implants were modeled using CAD software following the manufacturer?s measurements. Then, implants were duplicated and divided into two groups: one with straight implants and respective abutments, and the other with angled implants at 17° and respective abutments. Both groups were arranged inside a block simulating bone tissue. A simplified fixed prosthesis was installed on both groups and the geometries were exported to CAE software. Five loads of 300N were performed at axial and non-axial points on the fixed prosthesis. Stress on the implants and strain on the block were both analyzed. An in vitro experiment was performed following all structures made in FEA in order to validate the model. In each experimental block, 4 strain gauges were linearly placed between the implants and the same loads were repeated with a loading applicator device. The deformations computed by the gauges were correlated with the FEA results, showing that the group with inclined implants had more damaging biomechanical behavior and was significantly different from the group with straight implants (P<0.005). The mathematical model used is valid and inclined implants can induce unwanted bone remodeling

Influence of different alcohol intake frequencies on alveolar bone loss in adult rats : a sem study

Alcohol intake is associated with oral diseases and bone changes including alveolar bone loss in humans and in experimental animals. The main aim of the present study is to assess the effect of long-term alcohol intake, at different frequencies, on periodontal bone loss (PBL) in adult rats. Thirty-six (36) rats were divided into 3 groups: Control (daily water intake, n=12), daily alcohol intake (20% ethanol, n=12), and social alcohol intake (20% ethanol twice a week, n=12). The rats were sacrificed after 90 days and their right maxillae were removed. Initially, a random portion from each group was analyzed through SEM (scanning electron microscope) to assess surface topography. Next, all pieces were dissected and stained with methylene blue 1% and photographed in stereomicroscope at 10x magnification. The PBL was assessed by measuring the distance between cement-enamel junction and alveolar bone crest. Results showed higher (p=0.0368) alcohol solution amount in the daily intake group than in the twice week intake one. The SEM showed qualitatively flat bone surface in the control group, the social intake group presented surface with few minor hollows, and the daily intake group evidenced increased number and diameter of wells. The comparison between groups showed higher bone loss (p<0.05) in both frequencies than in the control, but the bone loss was lower (p<0.05) in the social alcohol intake group than in the daily intake one. Alcohol intake may cause alveolar bone loss in periodontitis-free rats depending on the frequency

Rank Protein Immunolabeling during Bone-Implant Interface Healing Process

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the expression of RANK protein during bone-healing process around machined surface implants. Twenty male Wistar rats, 90 days old, after having had a 2 mm diameter and 6 mm long implant inserted in their right tibias, were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 42 days after healing. After obtaining the histological samples, slides were subjected to RANK immunostaining reaction. Results were quantitatively evaluated. Results. Immunolabeling analysis showed expressions of RANK in osteoclast and osteoblast lineage cells. The statistical analysis showed an increase in the expression of RANK in osteoblasts at 7 postoperative days and a gradual decrease during the chronology of the healing process demonstrated by mild cellular activity in the final stage (P < .05). Conclusion. RANK immunolabeling was observed especially in osteoclast and osteoblast cells in primary bone during the initial periods of bone-healing/implant interface

Avaliação de dois métodos de registro da relação central em desdentados totais

Objective: to compare, in the horizontal plane, the mandibular positions determined by two methods for registering the centric relation(CR): inclination of the head backward (IHB) and unstrained hinging movement (UHM), in edentulous patients. The mull hypothesis was that there is not difference between the two methods. Material and Methods: Twenty edentulous subjects were selecred for this study (n = 20). All patients were manipulated to CR position using the methods IHB and UHM. The CR measure of each method was registered in one extraoral devide, which was fixed as the maxillary and mandibular record bases. For each patient, the two CR positions were registered in the same extraoral devide. To measure the anteroposterior and lateral linear variations between the points registered for each technique, it was used a profile projector (Model 6C, Nikon/USA). The data (um) were statiscally analyzed using the Tukey test (p,0.05) and Pearson correlation test. Results: The difference between CR position obtained by the methods in anteroposterior position differed statically from zero (p = 0.001) and that there was no significant difference (p = 0.479) when compared the Cr positions with the medium line: UHM (0,56+_0,35um) and IHB (0,65+0.52um). It wasn´t observed Pearson linear correlation between the anteroposterior and lateral linear measures of the methods (r = 0.26; p = 0.268.0.05). Conclusion: It can be conclude that the method UHM presented a higher mandibular retrusion that the method IHBObjetivo: Comparar, no plano horizontal, as posições mandibulares determinadas por dois métodos de registro para determinação da posição de relação central (RC): inclinação da cabeça para trás (IC) os métodos guiado não forçado (GNF), em pacientes edêntulos. A hipótese nula é de que não haverá diferença entre os dois métodos. Material e Método: 20 pacientes desdentados totais foram selecionados para este estudo (n=20). Todos pacientes foram manipulados para posição de RC utilizando os métodos IC e GNF. A mensuração da posição de RC determinada por cada método foi registrada em um dispositivo extra-oral, cujas componentes foram fixados nos planos de orientação maxilar e mandibular. Para cada paciente, as duas posições de RC foram registradas no mesmo dispositivo extra-oral. Para mensurar as variações ântero-posteriores e laterais entre os pontos registrados por cada técnica, foi utilizado um projetor de perfil (Modelo 6C, Nikon/USA). Os dados (mm) foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando o teste T (pResultados: A diferença entre a posição de RC obtida pelos métodos na posição ântero-posterior diferiu estatisticamente de zero (p=0.001) e que não houve diferença significante (p=0,479) quando comparada as posições de RC em relação à linha média: UHM (0,56±0,35mm) e IHB (0,65±0,52mm). Não foi observada correlação linear de Pearson entre as medidas lineares antero-posteriores e laterais dos métodos estudados (r=0,26; p=0,2680,05). Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que método GNF gerou uma retrusão mandibular maior que o método IC

Influence of different restorative materials on the stress distribution in dental implants

To assist clinicians in deciding the most suitable restorative materials to be used in the crowns and abutment in implant rehabilitation. For finite element analysis (FEA), a regular morse taper implant was created using a computer aided design software. The implant was inserted at the bone model with 3 mm of exposed threads. An anatomic prosthesis representing a first maxillary molar was modeled and cemented on the solid abutment. Considering the crown material (zirconia, chromium-cobalt, lithium disilicate and hybrid ceramic) and abutment (Titanium and zirconia), the geometries were multiplied, totaling eight groups. In order to perform the static analysis, the contacts were considered bonded and each material was assigned as isotropic. An axial load (200 N) was applied on the crown and fixation occurred on the base of the bone. Results using Von-Mises criteria and micro strain values were obtained. A sample identical to the CAD model was made for the Strain Gauge (SG) analysis; four SGs were bonded around the implant to obtain micro strain results in bone tissue. FEA results were 3.83% lower than SG. According to the crown material, it is possible to note that the increase of elastic modulus reduces the stress concentration in all system without difference for bone. Crown materials with high elastic modulus are able to decrease the stress values in the abutments while concentrates the stress in its structure. Zirconia abutments tend to concentrate more stress throughout the prosthetic system and may be more susceptible to mechanical problems than titanium