THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON PLANT NUTRITION IN CRITICAL STAGE AND YIELD OF WINTER TRITICALE

Research was carried out in the years 2008-2010 on the objects of stationary experiment established in 2000 at the Research Station Brody - Poznań University of Life Sciences. Hortenso variety of winter triticale was cultivated in the conditions of one-factor experiment. The factor investigated was a differential level of mineral fertilization with phosphorus and potassium. The aims of the study comprised: (1) determination of winter triticale response with reference to the optimal fertilizer rate as well as reduced levels of P and K fertilization, (2) evaluation of winter triticale nutritional status at the stage BBCH 31 in the conditions of differential fertilization with phosphorus and potassium, (3) assessment of yield diagnostic methods based on nutritional status and biomass produced during the analyzed development stages. Triticale response in the experimental conditions indicated that this plant is more sensitive to potassium deficiency when compared with phosphorus. Evaluation of plant nutritional status with the use of PIPPA software indicated that plant yield was constrained by deficiency of numerous elements. In the group of mineral nutrients limiting triticale yield, the effects of calcium, magnesium and potassium were most evident

Effects of different phosphorus and potassium fertilization on contents and uptake of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in winter wheat I. Content of macronutrients

The aim of the study carried out under field conditions was to evaluate the effect of phosphorus and potassium fertilization level on nutritional status of winter wheat at stem elongation and flowering development stages as well as on contents in yield obtained (grain and straw). The research was conducted in within an individual agricultural holding, on soil with medium and high richness in potassium and phosphorus, respectively. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium in wheat changed depending on the organ assessed and plant development stage

Effects of different phosphorus and potassium fertilization on contents and uptake of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in winter wheat II Uptake of macronutrients

The aim of this study was the assessment of macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) accumulation in wheat at the critical phases of yield shaping as well as at the full ripening stage when judged at optimal P and K fertilizer rates applied as well as at reduced levels of fertilization with these elements. Four-year-long investigation on winter wheat was carried out in 2007-2010 within an agricultural holding located in vicinity of Srem city (western Poland). The experiment was conducted under field conditions and based on the randomized-block design with four replications for each treatment. The factors investigated were differentiated P and K rates applied at constant N and Mg levels. Macronutrient accumulation in wheat differed depending on the element studied, plant development stage as well as P and K fertilization levels. The highest differentiation in macronutrient accumulation was observed at wheat flowering stage. At the full ripening stage, there were observed attributable to mineral fertilization significant differences in accumulation of K and Mg. Regression analysis proved that wheat grain yield was determined to the biggest extent by accumulation of K at BBCH 31 stage and that of N at BBCH 92 stage

Micronutrient Status of Winter Wheat in Poland

The aim of this study was to investigate the scale of the deficiency of the six basic micronutrients: B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn in the fields of wheat grown in Poland. In the years of 2010 – 2011, 357 samples of winter wheat crops were collected from fields located in the averagely intensive farms in 16 provinces of Poland. Plants were collected in the beginning of stem elongation/first node stage (whole aboveground part), and then the contents of individual micronutrients were determined and evaluated on the basis of critical values developed for cereals by Schnug and Haneklaus. It has been shown that the wheat cultivated in Poland is characterized by low Zn (38% of the samples), and Mn (29%) contents, followed by Cu (21%) and B (18%). Almost no deficiencies of Mo (3%), and only few of Fe (11%) were observed in the collected samples. Regional differences in terms of occurrence of deficiencies of the analyzed elements were also quite significant

Effects of different phosphorus and potassium fertilization on contents and uptake of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in winter wheat I. Content of macronutrients

The aim of the study carried out under field conditions was to evaluate the effect of differentiated phosphorus and potassium fertilization level on nutritional status of winter wheat at stem elongation (BBCH 31) and flowering (BBCH 65) development stages as well as on macronutrient contents in yield obtained (grain and straw). The research was conducted in 2007-2010, within an individual agricultural holding, on lessive soil with medium and high richness in potassium and phosphorus, respectively. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium in wheat changed depending on the organ assessed and plant development stage. At BBCH 31, regardless fertilization level, the plants observed were malnourished with potassium, phosphorus and calcium and at the control site also with nitrogen. Furthermore, there were found significant correlation relationships among the contents of nutrient pairs: nitrogen-potassium, nitrogen-phosphorus, nitrogen-magnesium and nitrogen-calcium. The content of nitrogen in wheat grain and straw differed mainly due to weather conditions during the study. Irrespective of the years of observation, differentiated rates of P and K applied had no significant effect on N accumulation in wheat at full ripening stage. In contrast to nitrogen, the level of P and K fertilization significantly differentiated the contents of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in wheat grain and straw. In case of calcium, the effect of fertilization factor was indicated only as regards the content of this nutrient in grain

Assessment of the Effect of the Mineral Fertilization System on the Nutritional Status of Maize Plants and Grain Yield Prediction

A strict field experiment with maize was carried out in the years 2009–2011 at the Experimental Station of the Poznań University of Life Sciences. The impact of mineral fertilization levels on the nutritional status of plants at an early development stage 5–6 leaves (BBCH 15/16) was assessed, as well as the possibility of using biomass and the current state of nutrient supply to predict grain yield. The adopted assumptions were verified on the basis of field experiments with nine variants of mineral fertilization and two maize varieties (EURALIS Semences, Lescar, France) (ES Palazzo and ES Paroli SG—“stay-green” (SG)). Regardless of the variety tested, the plants were under-nutritioned with calcium and magnesium. Plant nutritional status and the accumulation of minerals at the BBCH 15/16 stage were the main factors determining the variability of maize grain yields. In addition, it was shown that maize biomass in the BBCH 15/16 stage, calcium content and the N:K ratio significantly determined grain yield of traditional variety. The yield of the “stay-green” hybrid was largely shaped by plant biomass in the BBCH 15/16 stage, potassium, calcium, magnesium contents and N:Mg ratio. Regression analysis showed that grain yield of the tested maize varieties was determined by plant biomass and its content from 59% to 69%

Analysis of effectiveness of chemical protection against cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora beticola sacc.) on sugar beet resistant varieties

W latach 2013–2014 w miejscowości Koniczynka koło Torunia przeprowadzono dwuczynnikowe doświadczenie poletkowe, którego celem była ocena efektywności ekonomicznej ochrony fungicydowej pięciu odmian odpornych na chwościka buraka. Czynnikami doświadczalnymi były odmiany buraka cukrowego (Finezja, Gallant, Jagusia, Milton, Pikador) oraz ochrona fungicydowa przed chwościkiem buraka (obiekt kontrolny oraz obiekt chroniony). Pod koniec wegetacji oceniono indeks porażenia roślin przez chwościka buraka oraz oznaczono plon korzeni. Efektywność ekonomiczną ochrony chemicznej przed chwościkiem buraka obliczono za pomocą wskaźnika pokrycia kosztów (Wpk) oraz orientacyjnych wskaźników opłacalności E1 i E2. Stosowanie ochrony chemicznej przeciw chwościkowi buraka w warunkach niskiej presji patogena na odmianach odpornych skutkowało istotnym spadkiem indeksu porażenia liści, co przyczyniło się do wzrostu plonu korzeni. Przy czym, nadwyżka produkcji rekompensowała koszty zabiegów w przypadku dwóch spośród pięciu badanych odmian.Economic efficiency of plant fungicide protection of five resistant against Cercospora leaf spot sugar beet varieties were tested in two factor experiment on plots in 2013-2014. Sugar beet varieties (Finezja, Gallant, Jagusia, Milton and Pikador) and chemical protection against Cercospora leaf spot (protected and unprotected plots as a control) were factor of experiment. The index of leaf infection by Cercospora beticola and root yield were estimated at the late vegetation time. Economic effectiveness of fungicide protection against C. beticola were calculated using cost coverage ratio (Wpk) and rough profitability index E1 and E2. Protection of resistant sugar beet varieties in low pathogen pressure condition resulted in significant reduction of infection index and root yield increase. Yield increase compensated cost of fungicide protection in case of two among five varieties

Effect of Strip-Till and Variety on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet against Conventional Tillage

A two-factor field experiment using sugar beet was conducted in 2016–2018 at Sokołowo in Poland (ϕ 53°5′16.05″ N, λ 19°6′21.07″ E), in a strip-plot arrangement with four replicates. Strip-till (ST) was compared to conventional tillage (CT) using four commercial sugar beet varieties (Alegra, Armesa, Contenta, Julius). In each study year, the experiment was established on lessivé soils developed from heavy loamy sand. The soil was rich in available macronutrients, while its reaction was neutral. The plant density, sugar yield, roots quality, and technological sugar yield were determined. A significant increase was found in root yield (6.6%) and, accordingly, in technological sugar yield (8.2%) in ST treatment relative to CT. Consistently, an increasing trend was observed for the root sugar content (0.21%). For the varieties examined, no preferences were observed in respect of tillage systems applied. The direction of changes in root yield, sugar content, and technological sugar yield remained constant regardless of the variety, tillage system, or the study year. The contents of potassium, sodium, and α-amino-nitrogen responded equally to both the variety and study year; however, the direction of changes in the above parameters was ambiguous and varied among the study years

Effect of Strip-Till and Variety on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet against Conventional Tillage

A two-factor field experiment using sugar beet was conducted in 2016–2018 at Sokołowo in Poland (ϕ 53°5′16.05″ N, λ 19°6′21.07″ E), in a strip-plot arrangement with four replicates. Strip-till (ST) was compared to conventional tillage (CT) using four commercial sugar beet varieties (Alegra, Armesa, Contenta, Julius). In each study year, the experiment was established on lessivé soils developed from heavy loamy sand. The soil was rich in available macronutrients, while its reaction was neutral. The plant density, sugar yield, roots quality, and technological sugar yield were determined. A significant increase was found in root yield (6.6%) and, accordingly, in technological sugar yield (8.2%) in ST treatment relative to CT. Consistently, an increasing trend was observed for the root sugar content (0.21%). For the varieties examined, no preferences were observed in respect of tillage systems applied. The direction of changes in root yield, sugar content, and technological sugar yield remained constant regardless of the variety, tillage system, or the study year. The contents of potassium, sodium, and α-amino-nitrogen responded equally to both the variety and study year; however, the direction of changes in the above parameters was ambiguous and varied among the study years