27 research outputs found
Mental health issues, needs, and challenges faced by children and adolescents during public health emergencies: a study based on the perspective of educators
Public health emergencies, including catastrophic events such as pandemics and natural disasters, as well as the rise of diseases caused by high-threat pathogens result in specific and often critically threatening situations (WHO, 2023). This study aimed to examine the perception of educators (e.g., teachers and trainers) in Croatia regarding the mental health issues, needs, and challenges faced by children and adolescents during public health emergencies, as well as the risk and protective factors associated with mental health issues. Data was collected using two focus groups that included a total of 12 educators (e.g., teachers, sports trainers, kindergarten teachers, and so on) who work with children and adolescents. The results were analysed using thematic analyses and showed that the symptoms observed most often in children were fear, anxiety, depression, eating disorders, sleep problems, behavioural problems, and concentration problems. Educators also provided insights into the broader context in which these symptoms were evident and highlighted their personal need for additional support and education. Furthermore, they listed various protective and risk factors that, in their opinion, could influence the coping abilities of children faced with a crisis. These findings are important for the creation of programmes that aim to protect the mental health of children during and after public emergencies, as well as to train those working with children in order to help them recognise the needs of children and adolescents and find ways of providing help
Uz temu OBRASCI UPORABE SREDSTAVA OVISNOSTI U HRVATSKOJ
Uporaba sredstava ovisnosti globalni je fenomen koji je u svojoj dugoj povijesti imao
različit tretman u društvu, prije svega stoga što se radi o ponašanju koje ne samo da je
rizično za zdravlje pojedinca nego može uzrokovati ozbiljne posljedice i za njegovo uže i
šire okruženje. Upravo svijest o zdravstvenim i socijalnim problemima povezanim s
konzumiranjem sredstava ovisnosti u velikoj mjeri utječe na razinu društvene prihvatljivosti
takva ponašanja. Primjerice, razne su mjere intervencija utjecale na to da je danas
pušenje cigareta, iako ima dugu tradiciju, društveno sve manje prihvatljivo. Temeljna
pretpostavka koja omogućuje društvu da se kroz svoje institucije aktivno postavi
prema problemu konzumiranja sredstava ovisnosti jest poznavanje ovoga fenomena.
Stoga su od posebne važnosti znanstvena istraživanja koja omogućuju uvid u osnovna
obilježja problema uporabe sredstava ovisnosti. Ovaj tematski broj sadrži pet radova, od
kojih se četiri temelje na rezultatima prvog istraživanja raširenosti i obrazaca uporabe
sredstava ovisnosti u općoj populaciji Republike Hrvatske, a peti na zasebnom istraživanju
među adolescentima
Indikatoren zur Früherkennung vom Rauschmittelmissbrauch extrem bedrohter Jugendlicher in Kroatien
The aim of the study was to identify psychosocial indicators
in micro and macro-milieus that reveal adolescents at high
risk of substance abuse. The research using a representative
sample was carried out among 2 823 high school students
throughout Croatia. We devised a questionnaire to assess
student\u27s socio-economic status, family functioning, school
functioning, satisfaction with life, and relationships with
friends. Students in the group at risk of substance abuse
(tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use) differ
from the students in the group not at risk. The most important
variables that determine these differences are: a) respondents\u27
attitudes towards their friends and acquaintances
who smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, and use drugs; b)
gender; and c) truancy. In addition, compared to adolescents
that are not at risk, adolescents at risk function worse in a
family and school milieu and are less satisfied with their life
in general. Smoking cigarettes, alcohol consumption, and
use of drugs are mainly associated with the use of these
substances within peer group. Therefore, to reduce the abuse
of psychoactive substances, it is necessary to strengthen an
individual\u27s resistance to the social peer pressure and pay
attention to the quality of relationships between adolescents
as well as with their parents and teachers.Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi psihosocijalne indikatore
mikro- i makrookružja za rano prepoznavanje visokorizične
populacije mladih u odnosu na zlouporabu sredstava
ovisnosti. Istraživanje je provedeno na reprezentativnom
uzorku srednjoškolaca iz cijele Hrvatske (N=2 823).
Primijenjen je upitnik kojim su ispitani socioekonomski
status, obiteljsko funkcioniranje, školsko funkcioniranje,
zadovoljstvo životom i odnosi s prijateljima. Rezultati
pokazuju da su najvažnije varijable koje razlikuju rizične
i nerizične skupine s obzirom na uzimanje sredstava
ovisnosti (pušenje, konzumiranje alkohola i uzimanje
droge): a) procjene ispitanika o pušenju, konzumiranju
alkohola i uzimanju droge njihovih prijatelja i znanaca,
b) spol i c) markiranje iz škole. Rizični učenici, u usporedbi
s nerizičnima, lošije funkcioniraju u obiteljskom i školskom
okružju i manje su zadovoljni životom općenito. Uporaba
sredstava ovisnosti u najvećoj je mjeri povezana s uporabom
istih sredstava u skupini vršnjaka. Kako bi se smanjila
upotreba psihoaktivnih tvari, potrebno je ojačati otpor
pojedinca socijalnom pritisku vršnjaka te poboljšati kvalitetu
odnosa između adolescenata i njihovih roditelja
i učitelja.Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung war, die psychosozialen Indikatoren
des Mikro- und Makromilieus zur Früherkennung
vom Rauschmittelmissbrauch (Zigaretten, Alkohol und
Drogen) extrem bedrohter Jugendlicher zu ermitteln. Die
Untersuchung wurde in einer repräsentativen Gruppe von
Mittelschülern aus ganz Kroatien (N = 2823) durchgeführt.
Mit dem zu diesem Zweck erarbeiteten Fragebogen wollte
man den gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Status, das
Familienleben, die schulischen Leistungen, die allgemeine
Zufriedenheit mit dem Leben und das Verhältnis zu Freunden
ergründen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass sich Risikogruppen
und nicht gefährdete Gruppen vor allem anhand folgender
Variablen unterscheiden: a) Einschätzung des Zigaretten-,
Alkohol- und Drogenkonsums im Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis;
b) Geschlechtszugehörigkeit und c) Fernbleiben vom
Unterricht. Gefährdete Schüler haben überdies größere
Schwierigkeiten im Familienkreis sowie in der Schule und
sind mit ihrem Leben allgemein weniger zufrieden als die
anderen. Der Rauschmittelmissbrauch erfolgt zumeist im
Kreise Gleichaltriger. Um den Gebrauch psychoaktiver
Genussmittel einzuschränken, muss der Widerstand des
Einzelnen hinsichtlich des Drucks, den seine Altersgenossen
auf ihn ausüben, gestärkt werden. Ebenso gilt, das Verhältnis
zwischen Adoleszenten einerseits und Eltern und Lehrern
andererseits zu verbessern
Der Zusammenhang zwischen grundlegenden Persönlichkeitsdimensionen und Depressivität in der Frühadoleszenz
Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazala su da postoji povezanost izmeđ
u bazičnih dimenzija ličnosti i psihopatoloških fenomena.
Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi povezanost bazičnih dimenzija
ličnosti prema Eysenckovu mišljenju, kao i njihovih međusobnih
interakcija s depresivnošću u doba rane adolescencije. Ispitivanje
je provedeno na 583 adolescenta oba spola, u dobi od 12
do 15 godina. Rezultati pokazuju da su sve tri dimenzije ličnosti
u značajnoj korelaciji s rezultatima na Skali depresivnosti. Depresivniji
adolescenti postižu više rezultate na skalama neuroticizma
i psihoticizma, a niže rezultate na skalama ekstraverzije
i laži. Djevojčice izvještavaju o više depresivnih simptoma od
dječaka. Dječaci postižu više rezultate na Skali psihoticizma, a
djevojčice na skalama neuroticizma i laži. Rezultati provedene
hijerarhijske regresijske analize pokazuju da se opisanim setom
prediktorskih varijabla (spol, naobrazba roditelja, neuroticizam,
psihoticizam, ekstraverzija) može objasniti 40% ukupne varijance
depresivnosti, pri čemu su značajni prediktori neuroticizam,
psihoticizam, ekstraverzija, te dvostruka interakcija ekstraverzije
i psihoticizma koja pridonosi dodatnih 1% objašnjenju varijabiliteta
depresivnih simptoma. Introvertirani adolescenti s visokim
rezultatom na Skali psihoticizma su depresivniji, a u
ekstravertiranih adolescenata ta povezanost nije utvrđena.Many studies suggest that there is a relationship between
basic personality dimensions and psychopathology. The aim
of this study was to examine the relationship between basic
personality dimensions according to Eysenck, as well as their
interactions with depression in early adolescence. The
research was conducted on a sample of 583 adolescents of
both sexes, between the ages of 12 and 15. The results show
that all three personality dimensions are significantly
correlated with scores on the Depression Scale. More
depressive adolescents achieve higher scores on scales of
Neuroticism and Psychoticism, while lower scores on
Extroversion and Lie scales. Girls report more depressive
symptoms than boys. Boys achieve higher scores on the
Psychoticism Scale, while girls score higher on Neuroticism
and Lie scales. The results of the hierarchical regression
analysis indicate that the described set of predictor variables
(gender, parents\u27 education, neuroticism, psychoticism,
extroversion) can explain 40% of the total variance of
depression. The significant predictors are neuroticism,
psychoticism, extroversion, and the double interaction of
extroversion and psychoticism which contributes to another
1% of the explained variance of depressive symptoms.
Introvert adolescents with a high score on the Psychoticism
Scale are more depressive, while such a connection has not
been established for extrovert adolescents.Vorläuferstudien haben gezeigt, dass zwischen grundlegenden
Persönlichkeitsdimensionen (nach Eysenck) und psychopathologischen
Erscheinungen in der Frühadoleszenz ein
Zusammenhang besteht. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, diesen Zusammenhang
sowie mögliche Interaktionen zwischen genannten
Persönlichkeitsdimensionen zu ermitteln. An der
Untersuchung nahmen 583 Adoleszenten beiderlei Geschlechts
im Alter von 12 bis 15 Jahren teil. Die Resultate ergaben, dass die drei angeführten Persönlichkeitsdimensionen
in beträchtlichem Ausmaß mit den ermittelten Werten
auf der Depressivitäts-Skala korrelieren. Adoleszenten mit
einer ausgeprägteren Neigung zu Depressionen offenbarten
ein Verhalten, das in erhöhtem Maße neurotisch und psychotisch
ist; niedrigere Werte ergaben sich hingegen bezüglich
Extraversion und der Neigung zum Lügen. Mädchen berichten
von einer größeren Zahl depressiver Symptome als
Jungen. Jungen neigen eher zu psychotischem Verhalten,
Mädchen wiederum eher zu neurotischem Verhalten gepaart
mit der Gewohnheit zu lügen. Eine hierarchische Regressionsanalyse
ergab, dass anhand der eingesetzten Prädiktor-
-Variablen (Geschlecht, Bildungsgrad der Eltern, neurotisches
Verhalten, psychotisches Verhalten, Extraversion) 40% der
Depressivitäts-Varianzen erklärt werden können. Das größte
Gewicht haben dabei die Prädiktoren: neurotisches und
psychotisches Verhalten, Extraversion, ferner die zweifache
Interaktion zwischen Extraversion und psychotischem
Verhalten, worauf zusätzlich 1% abfällt, was die Variabilität
von Depressionssymptomen mit erläutert. Introvertierte
Adoleszenten mit ausgeprägtem psychotischem Verhalten
sind depressiver, während bei extravertierten Jugendlichen
ein solcher Zusammenhang nicht festgestellt werden konnte
Compassion Fatigue and Burnout in Addiction Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cilj istraživanja bio je odrediti razine zamora suosjećanja i
sagorijevanja kod stručnjaka na području tretmana ovisnosti te
provjeriti mogućnost njihova predviđanja na temelju izvora
stresa na poslu i stresa zbog promjena u uvjetima rada tijekom
pandemije COVID-19. Ispitano je i postojanje moderatorskog
učinka zadovoljstva suosjećanjem na odnos između izvora stresa
i zamora suosjećanja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 126
sudionika (79,7 % žena). Upotrijebljeni su: Oldenburški upitnik
sagorijevanja, Upitnik profesionalne kvalitete života, Skala stresa
za radnike u mentalnom zdravlju i Upitnik percipiranoga stresa
zbog promjena u uvjetima rada tijekom pandemije COVID-19,
konstruiran za potrebe ovog istraživanja. Zamor suosjećanja
(sekundarni traumatski stres i sagorijevanje) bio je određen
poteškoćama vezanima uz klijente, sukobom između radne i
obiteljske uloge, sukobima s drugim radnicima te obilježjima
organizacijske strukture. Samostalna mjera sagorijevanja (OLBI)
bila je određena pritiskom zbog opterećenja na poslu.
Zadovoljstvo suosjećanjem djelovalo je kao moderator u odnosu
između izvora stresa na poslu i zamora suosjećanja. Percipirani
stres zbog promjena u uvjetima rada tijekom pandemije
COVID-19 značajno je pridonio predviđanju sekundarnoga
traumatskog stresa i OLBI mjere sagorijevanja.The aim of this research was to determine the levels of
compassion fatigue and burnout in addiction workers and to
assess the possibility of prediction of the variance of those
variables using mental health workers\u27 work stressors and
experienced stress due to changes in working conditions
during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the moderating effect
of compassion satisfaction in the relationship between work
stressors and compassion fatigue was tested. 126 addiction
workers (79,7 % women) participated in this research. The
following instruments were used: Oldenburg Burnout
Inventory, Professional Quality of Life Scale, Mental Health
20 Professional Stress Scale, and Perceived Stress due to Changes in Working Conditions during the COVID-19 Pandemic Questionnaire, developed for the purpose of this
study. Compassion fatigue (secondary traumatic stress (STS)
and burnout) was determined by client-related difficulties,
home-work conflict, relationship and conflicts with other
professionals and organisational structure and processes.
Burnout (OLBI) was determined by workload-related stress.
Compassion satisfaction was found to have a moderating
effect in the relationship between work stressors and
compassion fatigue. Perceived stress due to changes in
working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic
predicted both secondary traumatic stress and burnout
(OLBI)
Compassion Fatigue and Burnout in Addiction Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cilj istraživanja bio je odrediti razine zamora suosjećanja i
sagorijevanja kod stručnjaka na području tretmana ovisnosti te
provjeriti mogućnost njihova predviđanja na temelju izvora
stresa na poslu i stresa zbog promjena u uvjetima rada tijekom
pandemije COVID-19. Ispitano je i postojanje moderatorskog
učinka zadovoljstva suosjećanjem na odnos između izvora stresa
i zamora suosjećanja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 126
sudionika (79,7 % žena). Upotrijebljeni su: Oldenburški upitnik
sagorijevanja, Upitnik profesionalne kvalitete života, Skala stresa
za radnike u mentalnom zdravlju i Upitnik percipiranoga stresa
zbog promjena u uvjetima rada tijekom pandemije COVID-19,
konstruiran za potrebe ovog istraživanja. Zamor suosjećanja
(sekundarni traumatski stres i sagorijevanje) bio je određen
poteškoćama vezanima uz klijente, sukobom između radne i
obiteljske uloge, sukobima s drugim radnicima te obilježjima
organizacijske strukture. Samostalna mjera sagorijevanja (OLBI)
bila je određena pritiskom zbog opterećenja na poslu.
Zadovoljstvo suosjećanjem djelovalo je kao moderator u odnosu
između izvora stresa na poslu i zamora suosjećanja. Percipirani
stres zbog promjena u uvjetima rada tijekom pandemije
COVID-19 značajno je pridonio predviđanju sekundarnoga
traumatskog stresa i OLBI mjere sagorijevanja.The aim of this research was to determine the levels of
compassion fatigue and burnout in addiction workers and to
assess the possibility of prediction of the variance of those
variables using mental health workers\u27 work stressors and
experienced stress due to changes in working conditions
during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the moderating effect
of compassion satisfaction in the relationship between work
stressors and compassion fatigue was tested. 126 addiction
workers (79,7 % women) participated in this research. The
following instruments were used: Oldenburg Burnout
Inventory, Professional Quality of Life Scale, Mental Health
20 Professional Stress Scale, and Perceived Stress due to Changes in Working Conditions during the COVID-19 Pandemic Questionnaire, developed for the purpose of this
study. Compassion fatigue (secondary traumatic stress (STS)
and burnout) was determined by client-related difficulties,
home-work conflict, relationship and conflicts with other
professionals and organisational structure and processes.
Burnout (OLBI) was determined by workload-related stress.
Compassion satisfaction was found to have a moderating
effect in the relationship between work stressors and
compassion fatigue. Perceived stress due to changes in
working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic
predicted both secondary traumatic stress and burnout
(OLBI)
Prevalencija uporabe sredstava ovisnosti u općoj populaciji: stanje u Hrvatskoj i usporedba s drugim europskim zemljama
This paper has two primary aims: to present the data on the
prevalence of licit and illicit substance use among the general
population in the Republic of Croatia and to compare these
prevalence rates with those from other European countries. The
data on the prevalence in Croatia were gathered by empirical
research on a nationally representative sample of Croatian
adults aged 15-64 years (N = 4756). The data on the
prevalence of licit drugs for other European countries were
obtained through secondary analysis of raw data from the
Special Eurobarometer 385 (tobacco) and 331 (alcohol), and
the source of data on illicit drugs was the EMCDDA\u27s Statistical
Bulletin 2012. The results showed that, in Croatia, last month
prevalence of smoking was 37.4%, which is among the highest
in Europe and above the European average (32.4%). In the
month prior to the research, 60.8% of adults in Croatia drank
alcohol, which is among the lower prevalence rates compared
to the other European countries and also lower than the
European average (70.3%). Cannabis was the most widely
used illicit drug in Croatia, 15.6% of adults used it at least once
in their lifetime, which is below the European average (23.7%).Ovaj rad imao je dva cilja: podastrti podatke o prevalenciji
uporabe legalnih i ilegalnih sredstava ovisnosti u općoj
populaciji Republike Hrvatske i usporediti te prevalencije s
onima iz drugih europskih zemalja. Podaci o prevalencijama
u Hrvatskoj prikupljeni su empirijskim istraživanjem na
reprezentativnom uzorku odraslih između 15 i 64 godine
(N = 4756). Podaci o prevalencijama uporabe legalnih
sredstava ovisnosti dobiveni su sekundarnom analizom
sirovih podataka iz Specijalnog Eurobarometra 385 (duhan)
i 331 (alkohol), dok je izvor podataka o ilegalnim drogama
bio Statistički buletin Europskog centra za praćenje droga i
ovisnosti o drogama (EMCDDA) iz 2012. godine. Rezultati su
pokazali da je u Hrvatskoj prevalencija pušenja cigareta u
mjesecu koji je prethodio istraživanju bila 37,4%, što je
među najvišima u Europi i iznad je europskoga prosjeka
(32,4%). U mjesecu koji je prethodio istraživanju 60,8%
odraslih u Hrvatskoj pilo je alkohol, što je među nižim
prevalencijama u usporedbi s drugim europskim zemljama i
ispod je europskoga prosjeka (70,3%). Kanabis je najčešća
ilegalna droga u Hrvatskoj, 15,6% odraslih konzumiralo ga
je barem jednom u životu, što je ispod europskoga prosjeka
(23,7%)
Die Angst vor negativer Bewertung und ihr Bezug zum Selbstverständnis sowie zur gesellschaftlichen Perzipierung bei Adoleszenten
Cilj istraživanja bio je provjeriti na osnovi kojih se aspekata
samopoimanja i socijalne percepcije može kod adolescenata
prognozirati strah od negativne evaluacije. U ispitivanju je
sudjelovalo 225 srednjoškolaca (105 muškog i 120 ženskog
spola). Primijenjene su Skala straha od negativne evaluacije i
Rosenbergova skala općega samopoštovanja. Adolescenti su
procjenjivali sebe i svoje suučenike s obzirom na pet aspekata
samopoimanja: uspjeh u školi, prihvaćenost od vršnjaka,
samopouzdanje, inteligenciju i opći tjelesni izgled. Rezultati
pokazuju da adolescenti najpozitivnije procjenjuju svoju
inteligenciju te stupanj prihvaćenosti od vršnjaka. Očekuju da
ih vršnjaci najpozitivnije procjenjuju s obzirom na inteligenciju,
a najnegativnije s obzirom na tjelesni izgled. Adolescenti od
vršnjaka dobivaju najniže ocjene za tjelesni izgled. Stupnjevitom
regresijskom analizom dobivene su dvije značajne prediktorske
varijable (rezultat na Rosenbergovoj skali samopoštovanja i
prosječna vršnjačka procjena adolescentova samopouzdanja)
te dvije supresor varijable (samoprocjena prihvaćenosti od
vršnjaka i samoprocjena inteligencije). Te varijable dijele 22%
zajedničke varijance s kriterijskom varijablom (rezultat na Skali
straha od negativne evaluacije). Rezultat na Skali straha od
negativne evaluacije bit će to viši što je kod adolescenta niži
rezultat na Rosenbergovoj skali samopoštovanja te što je niža
prosječna vršnjačka procjena adolescentova samopouzdanja.The aim of this study was to determine which aspects of self-
-concept and social perception could predict fear of negative
evaluation as an aspect of social anxiety among adolescents.
The participants were 225 high-school students (105 males
and 120 females) from Zagreb. Fear of negative evaluation
scale and Rosenberg self-esteem scale were administered.
Adolescents also evaluated themselves and their classmates
regarding five aspects of adolescent self-concept: school
achievement, peer acceptance, self-competence, intelligence,
and general physical appearance. Results showed that
adolescents\u27 self-evaluations of their intelligence were
highest, followed by self-evaluations of peer acceptance.
They expected highest peer evaluations of intelligence, and
lowest peer evaluations of their physical appearance. Peer
evaluations of physical appearance were lowest. There was a
tendency of overestimation – adolescents\u27 self-evaluations of
peer acceptance, intelligence and physical appearance were higher than peer evaluations. Stepwise regression analysis
was conducted which resulted in two significant predictors
(result on Rosenberg self-esteem scale and peer evaluation
of adolescent\u27s self-competence) and two suppressor
variables (self-evaluations of peer acceptance and
intelligence). These variables accounted for 22% of the total
variance of criteria variable (result on Fear of negative
evaluation scale). The result on Fear of negative evaluation
scale will be higher with a lower result on Rosenberg self-
-esteem scale and lower peer evaluation of adolescent\u27s self-
-competence.Mittels der Untersuchung sollten Aspekte des
Selbstverständnisses sowie der gesellschaftlichen Perzipierung
ermittelt werden, aufgrund deren bei Adoleszenten das
Bestehen von Angst vor negativer Bewertung prognosiert
werden kann. An der Umfrage nahmen 225 Gymnasiasten
(105 Jungen und 120 Mädchen) teil. Angewandt wurden
eine Skala zur Ermittlung der Angst vor negativer Bewertung
und die Rosenberg\u27sche Skala zur Ermittlung des allgemeinen
Selbstwertgefühls. Die Umfrageteilnehmer wurden
aufgefordert, sich selbst sowie ihre Mitschüler in Bezug auf
fünf Aspekte des Selbstverständnisses einzuschätzen:
schulischer Erfolg, Integriertheit in den Kreis der
Altersgenossen, Selbstvertrauen, Intelligenz und körperliches
Aussehen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Adoleszenten ihre
Intelligenz am besten bewerten, ferner die Integriertheit in
den Kreis der Altersgenossen. Ebenso erwarten sie, dass sie
von ihren Altersgenossen am positivsten im Hinblick auf ihre
Intelligenz eingeschätzt werden, am negativsten bezüglich
ihres körperlichen Erscheinungsbildes. Tatsächlich gelten die
schlechtesten "Noten", mit denen Adoleszenten einander
bewerten, dem körperlichen Aussehen. Anhand einer
graduellen Regressions-Analyse konnten zwei wesentliche
Prädiktor-Variablen ermittelt werden (Ergebnis der
Rosenberg-Skala zur Ermittlung des Selbstwertgefühls sowie
durchschnittliche Einschätzung des Selbstvertrauens eines
Adoleszenten vonseiten seiner Altersgenossen), ferner zwei
Suppressor-Variablen (Selbsteinschätzung der Integriertheit in
den Kreis der Altersgenossen und Bewertung der eigenen Intelligenz). Diese Variablen teilen sich 22% der
gemeinsamen Varianz mit der Kriterienvariable (Ergebnis der
Skala zur Ermittlung der Angst vor negativer Bewertung). Das
Resultat auf der Skala zur Ermittlung der Angst vor negativer
Bewertung fällt desto höher aus, je niedriger die auf der
Rosenberg-Skala gewonnenen Werte liegen, und je niedriger
die Altersgenossen das Selbstvertrauen ihrer Mitschüler
einstufen