Verifikation eines Fragebogens über das Motivationsklima im Sportbereich

It is determined that two dispositional points exist, which differentiate between individuals in their goal perspective decisions (i.e. task and ego orientation) in relation to the way a person judges his/her competence and defines achievement success. Motivational climate in a sport setting can be characterized as more or less task or ego involving which is related to the athlete’s motivational responses, i.e. goal perspective choice in the training process. The sample the comprised of 144 male Croatian basketball players from 9 teams, aged 14-16 years. They responded to the LAPOPECQ questionnaire that was constructed to measure the learning and the performance orientation in PE classes. By applying this instrument to the sports setting it was expected to obtain an insight into the factor structure which defines the motivational climate of young basketball players based on their achievement orientation (learning or performance orientation) in basketball training. According to the principal components factor analysis (GK - criterion) and after fixing the principal components of intercorrelation items matrix, these results mostly confirmed Papaioannou’s model because 23 out of 27 items defined the same hypothetical factors as in Papaioannou’s solution, and 45.71% of variance was explained by the questionnaire items. The first factor was defined as the learning oriented environment occurring as a result of the athlete’s satisfaction in learning. The second factor suggested a climate in which success is defined by the normative based criteria of evaluation. The third factor explained the athlete’s worries about mistakes. The fourth one implied a climate in which success is defined by the ability criteria based on the outcome without effort, and the last factor implied a learning orientation climate, which is created by the coach’s behaviour.Es wurde festgestellt, dass es zwei Dispositionspunkte gebe, die zwischen individuellen Personen betreffend ihrer zielbezogenen Entscheidungen (d.h. Aufgabeoder Egoeinstellung) unterscheiden. Es geht darum, in welcher Weise jemand seine/ihre eigene Kompetenz beurteilt und seinen/ihren eigenen Erfolg bestimmt. Das Motivationsklima im Sportbereich kann als mehr oder weniger aufgabe- oder egobezogen beschrieben werden, was von den Motivationsantworten eines Sportlers, bzw. seiner Auswahl der Zielperspektive im Trainingsprozess abhängt. Die Stichprobe umfasste 144 kroatische Basketballspieler aus 9 Teams, 14-16 Jahre alt. Sie füllten den LAPOPECO Fragebogen aus, der zum Messen von Lern- und Leistungsorientation in den Sportstunden gestaltet wurde. Durch Anwendung dieser Methode auf den Sportbereich sollte die Einsicht in die Faktorenstruktur ermöglicht werden, die, auf der Erfolgsorientation junger Basketballspieler beim Basketballtraining (Lern- oder Leistungsorientation) beruhend, ihr Motivationsklima bestimmt. Nach der Faktorenanalyse der Hauptkomponenten (GK-Kriterium) und nach dem Korrigieren der Hauptkomponenten der Matrix der Interkorrelationspunkte, haben die Ergebnisse das Papaioannous Model größtenteils bestätigt, denn in 23 von 27 Punkten sind dieselben hypothetischen Faktoren wie bei Papaioannou bestimmt und 45,71% der Varianz mit den Fragebogenpunkte erklärt worden. Der erste Faktor ist als die lernorientierte Umgebung bestimmt worden, die das Ergebnis der Lernzufriedenheit des Sportlers widerspiegelt. Der zweite Faktor hat ein Klima suggeriert, in dem Erfolg durch normative Bewertungskriterien bestimmt wird. Der dritte Faktor hat die Besorgnis der Sportler wegen ihrer Fehler erklärt, während der vierte ein Klima impliziert hat, in dem Erfolg durch die aufs Ergebnis ohne Anstrengung beruhenden Fähigkeitskriterien bestimmt wird. Der letzte Faktor hat ein durch das Benehmendes Trainers gestaltetes lernorientiertes Klima suggeriert

PHYSICAL ACTIVITYAND SOME ASPECTS OF MENTAL HEALTH

Razvoj tehnologije, sve izraženiji sedentarni način života, te nedovoljna tjelesna aktivnost predstavljaju prijetnju psihosomatskom stanju pojedinca na početku 21. stoljeća. Kako su brojna istraživanja pokazala da redovita tjelesna aktivnost jača organizam, razvija motoričke sposobnosti, smanjuje rizik od prerane smrti, doprinosi socijalizaciji, poboljšava opće zdravstveno stanje, te pozitivno utječe na mentalno zdravlje, nameće se zaključak kako bi upravo vježbanje trebalo biti dio općeg obrazovanja i kulture življenja. Cilj ovog rada je analizirati spoznaje iz literature, kako domaće tako i strane, koje se bave tjelesnom aktivnosti kao jednim od čimbenika koji pridonose psihološkom zdravlju pojedinca. Drugim riječima, prikazat će se doprinos tjelesnog vježbanja u smanjivanju anksioznosti i stresa, odnosno povećanju zdravstvenog stanja pojedinca, kao i veza između tjelesnog vježbanja i samopoštovanja, te će se pokušati objasniti utjecaj tjelesnog vježbanja na socijalizaciju i psihosomatsko stanje pojedinca.Technology development, more domicile way of life, and insufficient physical activity represent a threat to psychosomatic state of the individual at the beginning of 21st c. As many researches have shown that regular physical activity strengthens the body, develops motor skills, reduces the risk of early death, contributes to the socialization, improves general health and positively affect mental health, we come to conclusion that the exercise should be a part of general education and culture of life. The aim of this work is to analyze the findings from the literature, both domestic and foreign, that are engaged in physical activity as one of the factors that contribute to the psychological health of individuals. In other words, the contribution of physical exercise in reducing anxiety and stress, and increasing the health of individuals, as well as the connection between physical exercise and selfesteem will be elaborated and the impact of physical exercise on socialization and psychosomatic state of the individual will be explained

Psychological pressure and athletes’ perception of motivational climate in team sports

The differences in perception of motivational climate between athletes who differ in the feeling of pressure with regard to the sport they participate in were investigated. The sample consisted of 388 young male Croatian football and handball players. The Croatian version of the Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire was administered and pressure/tension subscale from the Croatian version of Intrinsic Motivation Inventory was used to evaluate a feeling of pressure during training and competition. The results showed the prevalence of mastery motivational climate. The feeling of pressure correlated positively with performance climate, and negatively with mastery motivational climate. Low-pressured athletes perceived more signs of the mastery climate in their environment than highly pressured athletes. The high-pressured athletes perceived significantly more signs of performance motivational climate in their teams in comparison to low-pressured athletes

Motivation and Obstacles to Physical Activity

Neaktivnost i sjedilački način života jedan su od vodećih zdravstvenih rizika suvremenog društva. Rezultati istraživanja dobiveni na različitim uzorcima pokazuju da je preko 50 % populacije tjelesno neaktivno što povećava proporciju zdravstvenih oboljenja i rizika te snižava radnu produktivnost i povećava troškove. Motivacijske teorije objašnjavaju pozadinu ljudskog ponašanja. Teorija promjene ponašanja, teorija samoefi kasnosti, teorija kognitivne evaluacije i transteorijski model promjene ponašanja prezentirane su kao teorijski okvir za objašnjenje neaktivnog životnog stila. U radu se navode pozitivni predskazatelji i najčešće prepreke zbog kojih ljudi ne vježbaju ili ne ustraju vježbati, kao i opće smjernice na što staviti naglasak u javnozdravstvenim projektima i kampanjama koje se provode s ciljem osvještavanja važnosti tjelesnoga vježbanja te s ciljem motiviranja nevježbača na promjenu životnoga stila.Inactivity and sedentary lifestyle have become the leading health risk factors in contemporary society. Results of different studies obtained on different samples have shown that over 50 % of population is physically inactive, which increases the proportion of health risks and diseases, decreases work capability, and increases expenses. Motivational theories explain the background of human behaviour. The theory of behaviour change, self-effi cacy theory, theory of cognitive evaluation and transtheoretical model of stages of change are presented in this paper as a theoretical background for explaining inactive lifestyles. We explained some positive predictors and common barriers which contribute to non-exercise behaviour. We also provided some directions as to how to proceed in public-health projects and manifestations organised to increase the necessity of physical activity and exercising, as well as some suggestions on how to motivate inactive people to change their lifestyle

Motivationsklima im Sportlerteam: Situative und dispositive Determinanten

Pretpostavke teorije dostignuća u sportu govore da je motivacija funkcija dispozicijskih osobina pojedinca, ali i situacijskih karakteristika sportskoga konteksta. Okolinski faktori predstavljaju sredstva koja pojedinac iskorištava za formiranje motivacijski relevantnih poticaja, a interpersonalni kontekst važan je faktor koji oblikuje sportaševu percepciju. Njihovo međudjelovanje determinira motivacijsku klimu. Nju čini niz faktora koji određuju ciljeve što ih sportaš želi postići, vrednovanja i nagrađivanja njegovih stremljenja te zahtjeva koje treba zadovoljiti. Postoje dva temeljna obrasca motivacijske klime: motivacijska klima usmjerena prema učenju i razvoju vještina i motivacijska klima usmjerena prema demonstraciji superiorne izvedbe i rezultatu. Pretpostavlja se da dispozicijski (ciljna orijentacija) i situacijski faktori (trenerovo rukovodeće ponašanje) djeluju na formiranje motivacijske klime, što se pokušalo ispitati u ovom radu. Težnje ovoga rada bile su utvrditi relacije ciljne orijentacije sportaša te trenerova rukovodećega ponašanja s aspektima percipirane motivacijske klime u dva sporta i ispitati mogućnost predviđanja dimenzija motivacijske klime na osnovi individualnih procjena ciljne orijentacije sportaša i na osnovi procjena trenerova ponašanja prema ocjeni mladih hrvatskih košarkaša i nogometaša. Hijerarhijska regresijska analiza pokazuje da su za predikciju motivacijske klime usmjerene k učenju i razvoju sportskih vještina važniji situacijski faktori od dispozicijskih, dok za predikciju motivacijske klime usmjerene k izvedbi i postizanju rezultata vrijedi obratno.The achievement theory in sports assumes that motivation is a function of dispositional characteristics of individuals and characteristics of sports environment. Environmental factors are means used by individuals to create inner, relevant motivational drives, whereas the interpersonal context of sporting activities is an important factor which influences perception of athletes. Their interaction determines motivational climate which is compounded from a sequence of factors like goals of individual athletes, evaluations and awards for their striving, and requirements regarding interpersonal relations with the rest of the participants in the sports context. There are two basic paradigms of motivational climate: Mastery and Performance. It is assumed that dispositional (goal orientation) and environmental (coach\u27s leadership behaviour) factors influence motivational climate patterns. The aim of the study was to determine correlations of athletes\u27 goal orientation and coaches\u27 leadership behaviour with the aspects of perceived motivational climate in two sports and to investigate to which extent it is possible to predict dimensions of motivational climate from the assessments of athletes\u27 individual goal orientation and the assessments of coach\u27s leadership behaviour. A sample of young Croatian basketball and football players participated in the study. Hierarchical regression analysis indicates that the situational factors are more important for prediction of the mastery-oriented motivational climate than the dispositional factors, whereas quite the opposite is valid for prediction of the performance-oriented motivational climate.Gemäß der Leistungstheorie im Sport wird Motivation bedingt durch die dispositiven Eigenschaften des Einzelnen, aber auch durch die situativen Merkmale des jeweiligen Sportereignisses. Ambientale Faktoren stellen Mittel dar, die der Sportler zu relevanten Anregungen verarbeitet; der interpersonale Kontext wiederum ist ein wichtiger Faktor, der die Wahrnehmung des Sportlers prägt. Die Wechselwirkung dieser beiden Bereiche bestimmt das Motivationsklima. Das Motivationsklima weist eine Reihe von Faktoren auf, die das vom Sportler angestrebte Ziel bestimmen, ferner die Bewertung und Auszeichnung seiner Leistungen sowie die Anforderungen, denen er gerecht werden muss. Das Motivationsklima kennt zwei Grundmuster: eines, das auf den Erwerb neuer Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten ausgerichtet ist, und ein zweites, dessen Ziel die Demonstration von Höchstleistungen und Resultaten ist. Es wird angenommen, dass sowohl Dispositionsfaktoren (Zielorientierung) als auch situative Faktoren (Anleitung durch den Trainer) die Gestaltung des Motivationsklimas mitbestimmen, und gerade dies sollte in dieser Studie geprüft werden. Die Schwierigkeiten dabei waren, den Bezug zwischen der Zielorientierung von Sportlern (Baskettball-Spielern und Fußballspielern) und dem Trainerverhalten einerseits und dem wahrgenommenen Motivationsklima andererseits herauszuarbeiten. Des Weiteren sollte untersucht werden, inwiefern Prognosen über das Motivationsklima und seine Dimensionen möglich sind, und zwar aufgrund von individuellen Einschätzungen der Sportler zu ihren Zielorientierungen sowie zum Verhalten des Trainers. Die durchgeführte hierarchische Regressionsanalyse zeigt, dass für Prognosen über ein auf den Erwerb neuer Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten ausgerichtetes Motivationsklima situative Faktoren eher zum Tragen kommen als Dispositionsfaktoren. Das umgekehrte Verhältnis gilt für ein Motivationsklima, dessen Ziel die Demonstration von Höchstleistungen und Resultaten ist