Osnovni sastav mlijeka i slobodne masne kiseline kao parametar lipolize mlijeka holstein krava

The aim of this study was to evaluate in detail the relationship between the basic milk components (fat and protein percentage) and the free fatty acids (FFA) content, as indicators of spontaneous and/or induced lipolysis. The additional aim of the study was to compare the FFA content of milk with respect to spontaneous and induced lipolysis. Milking was carried out in herringbone parlour twice a day. In total, 540 milk samples were obtained for evaluation of spontaneous (n=240) and induced lipolysis (n=300). The milk samples for determination of basic milk components and FFA (li¬polysis) levels were collected during four subsequent lactation weeks. Milk samples for spontaneous lipolysis detection were taken directly in parlour immediately after milking using the ICAR methodology and subsequently grouped. Induced lipolysis was observed from bulk milk in time 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after milking (T0-T4). The evaluation of basic components and FFA content was carried on MILKOSCAN F120 (Foss Electronic; Denmark). Statistical evaluation was carried out using SAS 9.3. (SAS/STAT® 9.3, 2011). An increase of one percentage of milk fat was equal to 0.318 mmol x 100 g-1 FFA decline (spontaneous lipolysis) or from 0.232 to 0.370 mmol x 100 g-1 FFA decline (induced lipolysis T0-T4) respectively. One percentage increase of milk protein was equal to 1.219 mmol x 100 g-1 FFA increase (spontaneous lipolysis) or 0.421 to 1.531 mmol x 100 g-1 FFA decrease (induced lipolysis T0 - T4) respectively. Significant differences (P<0.01) were detected among FFA content in relation to spontaneous and induced lipolysis evaluated during storage and cooling after milking. The minimal differences were detected between the FFA content during 4 hours cooling and storage of milk in the tank.Cilj istraživanja bio je detaljno ispitati odnose između osnovnih sastojaka mlijeka (udjela masti i proteina) i sastava slobodnih masnih kiselina (SMK), kao pokazatelja spontane i/ili inducirane lipolize. Dodatni cilj bio je usporediti sastav SMK mlijeka s obzirom na spontane i inducirane lipolize. Mužnja je provedena u izmuzištu tipa riblja kost dva puta dnevno. Analizirano je 540 uzoraka mlijeka, od čega za ocjenu spontane (n=240) i inducirane (n =300) lipolize. Prikupljeni su uzorci mlijeka za određivanje osnovnih sastojaka mlijeka i SMK (lipoliza) tijekom četiri uzastopna tjedna mužnje. Uzorci mlijeka za otkrivanje spontane lipolize uzeti su izravno u izmuzištu odmah nakon mužnje korištenjem ICAR metoda i nakon toga su grupirani. Inducirana lipoliza uočena je u uzorcima mlijeka u vremenu 0, 1, 2, 3, i 4 sata nakon mužnje (T0-T4). Procjena osnovnih sastojaka mlijeka i sadržaja SMK utvrđena je pomoću MILKOSCAN F120 (Foss Electronic; Denmark). Statistička analiza provedena je korištenjem programa SAS 9.3. (SAS/STAT® 9.3, 2011). Utvrđeno je da je povećanje udjela mliječne masti za 1 % jednako smanjenju SMK od 0,318 mmol x 100 g-1 (spontana lipoliza) ili smanjenju SMK od 0,232- 0,370 mmol x 100 g-1 (inducirana lipoliza T0-T4). Povećanje udjela proteina za 1 % jednako je porastu SMK od 1,219 mmol x 100 g-1 (spontana lipoliza) ili smanjenju SMK od 0,421-1,531 mmol x 100 g-1 (inducirana lipoliza T0-T4). Utvrđene su značajne razlike (P<0,01) između sadržaja SMK u odnosu na spontane i inducirane lipolize tijekom skladištenja i hlađenja mlijeka nakon mužnje. Minimalne razlike utvrđene su između sadržaja SMK tijekom 4 sata hlađenja i skladištenja mlijeka u spremniku

The Selected Factors Influenced Growth Ability to Weaning of Aberdeen Angus Cattle

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of sex of calves, year of calving, cows’ parity and sire effect on growth ability to weaning. The evaluation of growth indicators of Aberdeen Angus cattle was performed in the period of 4 years (2010 to 2013) in 2 different farms. A total of 272 calves (bulls, n = 141; heifers, n = 131) were monitored. The indicators of live weight at birth, live weight at the age of 120 and 210 days, average daily gains from birth to 120 and 210 days of age were observed. Statistical software SAS 9.3 was used to analyze the results. The highest result growth parameters of calves were observed from cows on 3rd and 4th parity. In 2012 we observed the highest values of calves’ growth ability compare to others. In evaluating the sire effect differences (P &lt; 0.05–0.01) were found mainly between the top three sires from the first evaluated herd (PAA240, ZAA562, ZAA595) and three sires from the second evaluated herd (ZAA675, ZAA697, ZAA762). The order of sires according to weight in 210 days of their offspring is then almost perfect reflection of the relative breeding values (RBV) for the direct effect of growth

The Effect of Selected Factors on the Growth Ability of Charolais Cattle

The aim of this work was to analyze the growth abilities of bull and heifer calves (n = 190) of the Charolais breed calved in one herd from 2006 to 2011. The evaluation was carried out during the period of calf raising, focusing to the effects of sex, parity and the mating method on live birth weight (BLW) and the live weight at 120 (LW120), 210 (LW210) and 365 (LW365) days of life, as well as the average daily weight gain reached by the age of 120 (G120), 210 (G210), and 365 (G365) days. Statistical analysis was carried out with the use of the SAS 9.3 program. The effect of sex on the live weight and average daily weight gain was statistically significant on the level of P &lt; 0.01 always in favour of the bull calves (BLW +3.05 kg, LW120 +29.35 kg, LW210 +36.98 kg, and LW365 +117.23 kg). The lowest live birth weight was detected in the calves of primiparous cows (BLW = 45.46 kg; P &lt; 0.01). The higher parity, the higher live birth weight was determined, with maximum values in cows from the fourth calving. The trends were similar in live weight at 120, 210 and 365 days of age, when significance level was P &lt; 0.05. The parity effect on the average daily weight gain (G120, G210 a G365) was statistically insignificant (P &gt; 0.05). The effect of embryo transfer (ET) and other commonly used reproduction methods (insemination and natural mating, AI/PP) was evaluated as well as. The calves born after embryo transfer showed a significantly (P &lt; 0.01) higher the live birth weight as well as weight at different ages (BLW +5.85 kg, LW120 +18.15 kg, LW210 +22.94 kg and LW365 +35.43 kg), and G120 only (+100 g×day−1; P &lt; 0.05). These results pointed the suitability of using the biotechnological reproduction methods, especially in relation to the total weight of the reared and fattened animals

Effect of bulls' breed, age and body condition score on quantitative and qualitative traits of their semen

The objectives of this study were to determine and evaluate effect of breed, age and body condition score (BCS) on qualitative and quantitative parameters of bull’s ejaculate. In total, 16 Holstein (H) and 15 Czech Fleckvieh (F) bulls were collected in September 2009 and May 2010. Volume of semen samples, sperm concentration and percentage of motile spermatozoa were evaluated immediately after collecting. Sperm motility was also evaluated after diluting and freezing/thawing of AI doses and subsequently during the short-term test of sperm survival. Percentages of live and pathologic sperm before diluting also were evaluated. The data set was analyzed using a generalized linear model in SAS/STAT software. A statistically significant effect of the breed, age and body condition on qualitative and quantitative traits of bull’s sperm were determined (P &lt; 0.05–0.01). Sperm activity after collection, dilution and freezing/thawing had significantly decreasing character