NAWOŻENIE RZĘDOWE BURAKA CUKROWEGO (BETA VULGARIS L.) WIELOSKŁADNIKOWYM NAWOZEM PŁYNNYM NA BAZIE ROZTWORU SALETRZANOMOCZNIKOWEGO JAKO CZYNNIK ZWIĘKSZAJĄCY EFEKTYWNOŚĆ AZOTU

Sugar beet is the main crop commonly cultivated for sugar production in temperate regions of the World. Actual yields in main Central Europe producing countries are much lower, due to many limiting factors. Among them, nutrients supply is of great value, especially referring to efficiency of nitrogen, which is generally low. In the conducted study two methods of nitrogen application were compared (i) broadcast of calcium saltpeter and (ii) row application of the multicomponent fertilizer based on urea-ammonium-nitrate (UAN) solution. The basic amount of the applied N was 75 kg ha-1. The highest yields of both taproots and refined sugar were harvested on the plot receiving 75 kg N-1 as UAN liquid multicomponent fertilizer and 50% of the recommended P and K rates. The positive effects of row application of liquid N fertilizer on taproot and sugar yields were also corroborated by high values of indices of agronomic efficiency for both N as well as P and K. However this method of sugar beets fertilization has some possibilities, as indicated by still high contents of melassogenic substances.Burak cukrowy jest podstawowym surowcem do produkcji cukru w strefie klimatu umiarkowanego. W krajach centralnej Europy, w których uprawia się buraki cukrowe, aktualny poziom plonowania tej rośliny znacznie odbiega od potencjalnych możliwości. Wśród różnych przyczyn takiego stanu rzeczy, koniecznie należy wymienić małą efektywność nawożenia azotem. W badaniach własnych porównano dwie metody nawożenia azotem: i) rzutowe - saletrą wapniową oraz ii) rzędowe - wieloskładnikowym nawozem otrzymanym na bazie roztworu mocznika i saletry amonowej (UAN). Podstawowa dawka azotu, niezależnie od przyjętego systemu, wynosiła 75 kg ha-1. Największy plon korzeni, i plonu cukru technologicznego, uzyskano przy jednoczesnym zastosowaniu 75 kg N kg-1 w formie wieloskładnikowego nawozu płynnego (UAN) oraz 50% rekomendowanej dawki fosforu oraz potasu. Pozytywny efekt nawożenia rzędowego na plon korzeni i cukru wynikał ze wzrostu efektywności agronomicznej zarówno azotu, jak i zastosowanego równocześnie P i K

Potassium and Elemental Sulfur as Factors Determining Nitrogen Management Indices of Soil and Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)

Faba bean plays a significant role in nitrogen (N) cycling as they fix atmospheric N2 through biological symbiosis (SNF). It has been assumed that soil potential to supply plants with potassium (K) and sulfur (S) is crucial for plant and soil N management indices. The experimental factors were as follows: variable soil K availability content and fertilization (K1, K2, K3, and K4); and elemental S application (0, 25, and 50 kg S ha−1). K treatments had a positive impact on N accumulation in crop residues and SNF. The application of S increased the amount of N in grain and SNF. The most beneficial influence of S on these indices was registered on K-poor soil. The total N increase in soil (NgainT) was relatively constant across the years and ranged between 106 and 124 kg N ha−1. This parameter depended however, on the K and S treatments. The highest NgainT increase (52–54 kg N ha−1) was obtained in soil of a medium K content (K2, K3), and simultaneously fertilized with S. The results indicated that balanced fertilization with K and S guarantees not only a high grain yield but also improved soil potential to supply N to successive plants

Nitrogen Gap Amelioration Is a Core for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture—A Concept

The main reason for the development of the yield gap in crop production is the inefficient management of nitrogen (N). The nitrogen gap (NG) cannot be ameliorated without an indication and quantification of soil characteristics that limit N uptake by a crop plant. The insufficient supply of N to a plant during its cardinal stages of yield formation is a result of two major-variabilities. The first is spatial variability in the soil characteristics responsible for water supply to a plant, also serving as a nutrient carrier. The second is a vertical variability in soil factors, decisive for pools of available nutrients, and their in-season accessibility to the grown crop. The long-term strategy for NG cover should focus first on soil characteristics (humus stock, pH, nutrient content) responsible for water storage and its availability to the currently grown plant. Diagnostics of plant nutrient availability should deliver data on their contents both in the topsoil and subsoil. The combined use of both classical diagnostic tools and spectral imagery is a way to divide a single field into units, differing in productivity. Remote-sensing techniques offer a broad number of tools to define the in-season crop canopy requirement for fertilizer N in homogenous field units

Evaluation of Nitrogen Fertilization Systems Based on the in-Season Variability in the Nitrogenous Growth Factor and Soil Fertility Factors—A Case of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Application of nitrogen (N) in contrastive chemical form changes availability of soil nutrients, affecting crop response. This hypothesis was evaluated based on field experiments conducted in 2015/16 and 2016/2017. The experiment consisted of three nitrogen fertilization systems: mineral-ammonium nitrate (AN) (M-NFS), organic-digestate (O-NFS), 2/3 digestate + 1/3 AN (OM-NFS), and N rates: 0, 80, 120, 160; 240 kg ha−1. The content of nitrogen nitrate (N-NO3) and available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) were determined at rosette, onset of flowering, and maturity of winter oilseed rape (WOSR) growth from three soil layers: 0.0–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–0.9 m. The optimum N rates were: 139, 171 and 210 kg ha−1 for the maximum yield of 3.616, 3.887, 4.195 t ha−1, for M-NFS, O-NFS, OM-NFS. The N-NO3 content at rosette of 150 kg ha−1 and its decrease to 48 kg ha−1 at the onset of flowering was the prerequisite of high yield. The key factor limiting yield in the M-NFS was the shortage of Ca, Mg, O-NFS—shortage of N-NO3. Plants in the OM-NFS were well-balanced due to a positive impact of the subsoil Mg and Ca on the N-NO3 content and productivity. The rosette stage was revealed as the cardinal for the correction of WOSR N nutritional status

The Effect of Potassium and Sulfur Fertilization on Seed Quality of Faba Bean (<i>Vicia faba</i> L.)

Faba bean seeds are regarded as a highly valuable protein source for human and animal nutrition. High yield and quality of faba bean require adequate mineral nutrition. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of potassium (K) and elemental sulfur (S) on crude protein (CP) and tannin content (TC) in seeds, crude protein yield (CPY), and amino acid (AA) composition. Field trials were carried out during 2010&#8722;2013 in the temperate climate of Central Europe. The study assessed the influence of the following factors: variable soil K content and fertilization (K1, K2, K3, and K4) and elemental S application (0, 25, and 50 kg S ha&#8722;1). Plants were harvested at two growth stages to obtain immature seeds and mature seeds. K and S applications did not have a significant impact on CP and AA composition, including sulfur AA content. The TC decreased in response to increasing content of plant-available K in soil. In respect to CPY, the results indicate a positive response of faba bean to increasing K content in soil. The effect of S fertilization depended on the K treatment. The most beneficial influence of S on CPY was registered on K-poor soil

NAWOŻENIE RZĘDOWE BURAKA CUKROWEGO (BETA VULGARIS L.) WIELOSKŁADNIKOWYM NAWOZEM PŁYNNYM NA BAZIE ROZTWORU SALETRZANOMOCZNIKOWEGO JAKO CZYNNIK ZWIĘKSZAJĄCY EFEKTYWNOŚĆ AZOTU

Sugar beet is the main crop commonly cultivated for sugar production in temperate regions of the World. Actual yields in main Central Europe producing countries are much lower, due to many limiting factors. Among them, nutrients supply is of great value, especially referring to efficiency of nitrogen, which is generally low. In the conducted study two methods of nitrogen application were compared (i) broadcast of calcium saltpeter and (ii) row application of the multicomponent fertilizer based on urea-ammonium-nitrate (UAN) solution. The basic amount of the applied N was 75 kg ha-1. The highest yields of both taproots and refined sugar were harvested on the plot receiving 75 kg N-1 as UAN liquid multicomponent fertilizer and 50% of the recommended P and K rates. The positive effects of row application of liquid N fertilizer on taproot and sugar yields were also corroborated by high values of indices of agronomic efficiency for both N as well as P and K. However this method of sugar beets fertilization has some possibilities, as indicated by still high contents of melassogenic substances.Burak cukrowy jest podstawowym surowcem do produkcji cukru w strefie klimatu umiarkowanego. W krajach centralnej Europy, w których uprawia się buraki cukrowe, aktualny poziom plonowania tej rośliny znacznie odbiega od potencjalnych możliwości. Wśród różnych przyczyn takiego stanu rzeczy, koniecznie należy wymienić małą efektywność nawożenia azotem. W badaniach własnych porównano dwie metody nawożenia azotem: i) rzutowe - saletrą wapniową oraz ii) rzędowe - wieloskładnikowym nawozem otrzymanym na bazie roztworu mocznika i saletry amonowej (UAN). Podstawowa dawka azotu, niezależnie od przyjętego systemu, wynosiła 75 kg ha-1. Największy plon korzeni, i plonu cukru technologicznego, uzyskano przy jednoczesnym zastosowaniu 75 kg N kg-1 w formie wieloskładnikowego nawozu płynnego (UAN) oraz 50% rekomendowanej dawki fosforu oraz potasu. Pozytywny efekt nawożenia rzędowego na plon korzeni i cukru wynikał ze wzrostu efektywności agronomicznej zarówno azotu, jak i zastosowanego równocześnie P i K

Effect of Pasture Management System Change on In-Season Inorganic Nitrogen Pools and Heterotrophic Microbial Communities

It has been assumed that the system of long-term pasture management exerts a significant impact on the soil microorganisms count, subsequently affecting the availability of mineral nitrogen (Nmin). This hypothesis was tested in a three-year experiment on a long-term pasture with two distinct systems of grass sward management, i.e., grazing and mowing. Mowing significantly increased the microorganisms count by 13%, 28%, 86%, and 2% for eubacteria (EU), actinobacteria (AC), molds (MO), and Azotobacter (AZ), respectively. The main reason was drought in 2006, which resulted in the domination of Dactylis glomerata L. in the grass sward, instead of Lolimum perenne L. and Poa pratensis L. The content of Nmin decreased through the vegetative growing season, reaching its lowest value after the 3rd grazing cycle. The impact of microorganisms on the Nmin pools increased in the order: molds &lt; eubacteria &lt; actinobacteria. The count of actinobacteria in the alkaline organic soil increased in response to drought, contribution of Dactylis glomerata L. in the sward, and the shortage of available phosphorus. The sound pasture management system is possible by introducing alternate grazing and mowing cycles. The core of sustainability is the enhanced activity of actinobacteria after changing the system from grazed into mowed

ROW METHOD OF SUGAR BEET (BETA VULGARIS L.) FERTILIZATION WITH MULTICOMPONENT FERTILIZER BASED ON UREA-AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTION AS A WAY TO INCREASE NITROGEN EFFICIENCY

Sugar beet is the main crop commonly cultivated for sugar production in temperate regions of the World. Actual yields in main Central Europe producing countries are much lower, due to many limiting factors. Among them, nutrients supply is of great value, especially referring to efficiency of nitrogen, which is generally low. In the conducted study two methods of nitrogen application were compared (i) broadcast of calcium saltpeter and (ii) row application of the multicomponent fertilizer based on urea-ammonium-nitrate (UAN) solution. The basic amount of the applied N was 75 kg ha-1. The highest yields of both taproots and refined sugar were harvested on the plot receiving 75 kg N-1 as UAN liquid multicomponent fertilizer and 50% of the recommended P and K rates. The positive effects of row application of liquid N fertilizer on taproot and sugar yields were also corroborated by high values of indices of agronomic efficiency for both N as well as P and K. However this method of sugar beets fertilization has some possibilities, as indicated by still high contents of melassogenic substances

Soil Fertility Clock&mdash;Crop Rotation as a Paradigm in Nitrogen Fertilizer Productivity Control

The Soil Fertility Clock (SFC) concept is based on the assumption that the critical content (range) of essential nutrients in the soil is adapted to the requirements of the most sensitive plant in the cropping sequence (CS). This provides a key way to effectively control the productivity of fertilizer nitrogen (Nf). The production goals of a farm are set for the maximum crop yield, which is defined by the environmental conditions of the production process. This target can be achieved, provided that the efficiency of Nf approaches 1.0. Nitrogen (in fact, nitrate) is the determining yield-forming factor, but only when it is balanced with the supply of other nutrients (nitrogen-supporting nutrients; N-SNs). The condition for achieving this level of Nf efficiency is the effectiveness of other production factors, including N-SNs, which should be set at &le;1.0. A key source of N-SNs for a plant is the soil zone occupied by the roots. N-SNs should be applied in order to restore their content in the topsoil to the level required by the most sensitive crop in a given CS. Other plants in the CS provide the timeframe for active controlling the distance of the N-SNs from their critical range