Politische Penetration und gesellschaftliche Reaktion: Anzeigen zur Gestapo im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland

Gegenstand des Beitrags ist die Intention eines totalitären Regimes zur Mobilisierung der Bevölkerung aufgrund politischer Maßnahmen sowie die Reaktion der Gesellschaft hierauf. Beispielhaft erfolgt die Untersuchung an den Anzeigen zur Gestapo im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland. Dem Beitrag vorgeschaltet sind zum einen Überlegungen zur defizitären Bearbeitung des Themas Nationalsozialismus durch die deutsche Soziologie nach 1945, zum anderen eine Skizze der theoretischen Arbeit zur Typologie autoritären und totalitärer politischer Systeme von J. J. Linz. Der einleitend genannte Gegenstand ist ein Aspekt des Linzschen Modells. Ob, und wenn ja, inwiefern es dem NS-Regime gelungen ist, erfolgreich die Aufmerksamkeit der Bevölkerung gegenüber deviantem Verhalten zu mobilisieren, wird anhand der Ursachen zum Tätigwerden der Gestapo untersucht, wobei Anzeigen aus der Bevölkerung als Indikatoren für eine erfolgreiche Mobilisierung angenommen werden. Die Daten stammen aus einem empirischen Forschungsprojekt zur Analyse von Protest und Widerstand gegen den NS in der Stadt Düsseldorf. Aus den Akten der Staatspolizeileitstelle in Düsseldorf wurde eine Stichprobe von 825 Fällen gezogen. Für gut ein Viertel der Fälle wurden zusätzlich die Akten der Justizbehörden hinzugezogen. In Einzelfällen gelang es auch, betroffene Personen zu befragen. In Form verschiedener Tabellen werden die Vorgänge quantitativ unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten ausgewertet: Art der Anzeigeerstattung; Verteilung über die Jahre 1933-44; Motive und Inhalte der Anzeigen. Einzelne Fälle werden detailliert beschrieben. Die Ausführungen kommen zu dem Ergebnis: Heydrichs Ziel der Mobilisierung der Bevölkerung war zwar nicht erfolgreich, aber die indirekten Folgen sind als nicht unerhebliche Faktoren einer nationalsozialistischen Penetration der deutschen Gesellschaft zu sehen. (RW

Randomised prospective study for the effect of therapy on residual beta cell function in type-1 diabetes mellitus [ISRCTN70703138]

BACKGROUND: Newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is characterised by a temporary recovery of endogeneous insulin ("remission") after the beginning of medical treatment with subcutaneous insulin injections. Although most diabetologists think, that insulin reserve is related to reduced occurrence of diabetic long-term complications, such as eye, nerve and kidney disease, there is only one prospective controlled clinical study (the DCCT) addressing this question, however as secondary hypothesis. METHODS/DESIGN: Therefore, we composed a trial consisting of two cohorts with two therapeutic options within each cohort (conventional versus intensive therapy) and a three-year follow-up. In one group the patients are randomly assigned to the treatment regimes to test the statistical alternative hypothesis if variable insulin dosage is superior to fixed insulin injection in preserving insulin reserve measured by C-peptide in serum. Another group includes patients who prefer one of the two therapies, decline randomisation, but consent to follow-up. Apart from the determination of insulin reserve as a biological parameter a second primary endpoint was defined as 'therapeutic failure' according to the criteria of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Patients pass a training program to help them self-manage diabetes. A standardised protocol is being set up to minimize centre effects and bias of health care providers. Potential patient dependent bias will be investigated by questionnaires measuring psychic coping processes of people with diabetes. Management of visit dates is directly navigated by the database. Automated visit-reminders are mailed to patients and caregivers to optimise the number of visits on schedule. Data quality is regularly monitored and centres are informed on the results of continuous data management

Welche Rolle spielen Kinder in Schulen und Kindertagesstätten bei der Übertragung von SARS-CoV-2? – Eine evidenzbasierte Perspektive

Are children and adolescents relevant disease vectors when it comes to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Moreover, do they play a role as relevant disease vectors in a~school or kindergarten setting? These questions could not be sufficiently answered at the beginning of the pandemic. Consequently, schools and childcare facilities were closed to stop the spread of SARS-CoV\hbox-2. Over the past few months, researchers have gained a~more detailed understanding of the overall pandemic situation. The SARS-CoV\hbox-2 infection rate in children below 10~years of age in 2020 has been substantially lower than in adults. In addition, it showed that children had a~milder course of disease.Although a~majority of the analyses performed in schools and childcare facilities revealed that the virus is transmitted in these facilities, these transmissions did not, however, have a~considerable influence on the overall rate of new infections. Despite these findings, German politicians continue to advocate for the closure of childcare facilities, including schools, to fight the pandemic, whereas many specialist societies such as the German Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (DGPI) have emphasized that such closures should be the measure of last resort in combating the pandemic. The same message is also conveyed by a~German evidence-based S3~guideline established by an interdisciplinary expert group that had already put forward clear recommendations for high incidences in the general population at the beginning of February 2021, indicating that school closures were only required in exceptional cases.In this article, we would like to outline the situation based on the currently available data, try to predict the future, and discuss the circumstances necessary to realize normal classroom teaching without accepting the risk of an uncontrolled spread of SARS-CoV\hbox-2. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Sind Kinder und Jugendliche relevante Vektoren für die Übertragung von SARS-CoV-2? Und welche Rolle spielt es, wenn sie eine Schule oder Kindertagesstätte besuchen? Diese Fragen konnten zu Beginn der Pandemie nur unzureichend beantwortet werden. So wurden weltweit Schulen und Kinderbetreuungseinrichtungen geschlossen, um die Verbreitung von SARS-CoV\hbox-2 einzudämmen. Inzwischen ist die Rolle von Kindern im Gesamtgeschehen der Pandemie jedoch klarer. Die Rate von SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen bei Kindern unter 10~Jahren war im Jahr 2020 deutlich niedriger als die bei Erwachsenen. Zudem zeigte sich bei Kindern ein deutlich milderer Verlauf der Erkrankung.Analysen zu Ausbrüchen an Schulen und Kinderbetreuungseinrichtungen kamen mehrheitlich zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Weitergabe des Virus in den Einrichtungen zwar stattfindet, jedoch das Infektionsgeschehen insgesamt nicht maßgeblich beeinflusst. Trotz dieser Erkenntnisse hält die deutsche Politik Schulschließungen weiterhin für einen integralen Baustein der Pandemiebekämpfung, wohingegen viele Fachgesellschaften, wie die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie e. V. (DGPI), betonen, dass es sich um das letzte Mittel in der Bekämpfung der Pandemie handeln sollte. Diese Botschaft hat auch eine evidenzbasierte und auf interdisziplinärem Expertenkonsens aufgebaute S3-Leitlinie, die bereits Anfang Februar 2021 klare Empfehlungen für Zeiten hoher Inzidenzen in der Gesamtbevölkerung ausgesprochen hat, die Schulschließungen nur noch in Ausnahmefällen für notwendig erachten.In diesem Artikel möchten wir die Datenlage mit Stand Juni 2021 zu diesem Thema darlegen, einen Blick in die Zukunft wagen und diskutieren, unter welchen Umständen ein regulärer Präsenzunterricht gelingen kann, ohne das Risiko einer unkontrollierten Ausbreitung von SARS-CoV\hbox-2 in Kauf nehmen zu müssen

(In-)Consistencies in the relativistic description of excited states in the Bethe-Salpeter equation

The Bethe-Salpeter equation provides the most widely used technique to extract bound states and resonances in a relativistic Quantum Field Theory. Nevertheless a thorough discussion how to identify its solutions with physical states is still missing. The occurrence of complex eigenvalues of the homogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equation complicates this issue further. Using a perturbative expansion in the mass difference of the constituents we demonstrate for scalar fields bound by a scalar exchange that the underlying mechanism which results in complex eigenvalues is the crossing of a normal (or abnormal) with an abnormal state. Based on an investigation of the renormalization of one-particle properties we argue that these crossings happen beyond the applicability region of the ladder Bethe-Salpeter equation. The implications for a fermion-antifermion bound state in QED are discussed, and a consistent interpretation of the bound state spectrum of QED is proposed.Comment: 39 pages, 14 figures, LaTeX2e, uses amssymb, minor changes, references added, to appear in Annals Phy

Weak Interactions Effect on the P-N Mass Splitting and the Principle of Equivalence

The weak interaction contribution to the proton neutron mass difference is computed using a generalization of Cottingham's formula. When included in the analysis of the Eotvos experiment, this contribution reduces the bound on a possible weak interactions violation to the equivalence principle by one order of magnitude.Comment: LaTex, 12 pages, 2 tables. A shorter version appeared in proceedings of Zacatecas 2001 Workshop on Particles and Fields. References added, typos correcte

Dietary calcium concentration and cereals differentially affect mineral balance and tight junction proteins expression in jejunum of weaned pigs

Ca plays an essential role in bone development; however, little is known about its effect on intestinal gene expression in juvenile animals. In the present study, thirty-two weaned pigs (9·5 (sem 0·11) kg) were assigned to four diets that differed in Ca concentration (adequate v. high) and cereal composition (wheat–barley v. maize) to assess the jejunal and colonic gene expression of nutrient transporters, tight junction proteins, cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, nutrient digestibility, Ca balance and serum acute-phase response. To estimate the impact of mucosal bacteria on colonic gene expression, Spearman's correlations between colonic gene expression and bacterial abundance were computed. Faecal Ca excretion indicated that more Ca was available along the intestinal tract of the pigs fed high Ca diets as compared to the pigs fed adequate Ca diets (P0·35; P< 0·05) indicated an association between operational taxonomic units assigned to the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and bacterial metabolites and mucosal gene expression in the colon. The present results indicate that high Ca diets have the potential to modify the jejunal and colonic mucosal gene expression response which, in turn, interacts with the composition of the basal diet and mucosa-associated bacteria in weaned pigs

Expression, regulation and function of phosphofructo-kinase/fructose-biphosphatases (PFKFBs) in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Glucocorticoids (GCs) cause apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in lymphoid cells and constitute a central component in the therapy of lymphoid malignancies, most notably childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PFKFB2 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase-2), a kinase controlling glucose metabolism, was identified by us previously as a GC response gene in expression profiling analyses performed in children with ALL during initial systemic GC mono-therapy. Since deregulation of glucose metabolism has been implicated in apoptosis induction, this gene and its relatives, PFKFB1, 3, and 4, were further analyzed.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Gene expression analyses of isolated lymphoblasts were performed on Affymetrix HGU133 Plus 2.0 microarrays. GCRMA normalized microarray data were analyzed using R-Bioconductor packages version 2.5. Functional gene analyses of <it>PFKFB2-15A </it>and <it>-15B </it>isoforms were performed by conditional gene over-expression experiments in the GC-sensitive T-ALL model CCRF-CEM.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Expression analyses in additional ALL children, non-leukemic individuals and leukemic cell lines confirmed frequent <it>PFKFB2 </it>induction by GC in most systems sensitive to GC-induced apoptosis, particularly T-ALL cells. The 3 other family members, in contrast, were either absent or only weakly expressed (<it>PFKFB1 </it>and <it>4</it>) or not induced by GC (<it>PFKFB3</it>). Conditional PFKFB2 over-expression in the CCRF-CEM T-ALL <it>in vitro </it>model revealed that its 2 splice variants (PFKFB2-15A and PFKFB2-15B) had no detectable effect on cell survival. Moreover, neither PFKFB2 splice variant significantly affected sensitivity to, or kinetics of, GC-induced apoptosis.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our data suggest that, at least in the model system investigated, PFKFB2 is not an essential upstream regulator of the anti-leukemic effects of GC.</p