Attachment working models as unconscious structures: An experimental test

Internal working models of attachment (IWMs) are presumed to be largely unconscious representations of childhood attachment experiences. Several instruments have been developed to assess IWMs; some of them are based on self-report and others on narrative interview techniques. This study investigated the capacity of a self-report measure, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA; Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), and of a narrative interview method, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985), to measure unconscious attachment models. We compared scores on the two attachment instruments to response latencies in an attachment priming task. It was shown that attachment organisation assessed by the AAI correlates with priming effects, whereas the IPPA scales were inversely or not related to priming. The results are interpreted as support for the assumption that the AAI assesses, to a certain degree, unconscious working models of attachment

Immunopathological Basis of Virus-induced Myocarditis

Heart diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), one of the most common heart diseases, may be the consequence of infectionassociated myocardits. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) can be frequently detected in the inflamed heart muscle. CVB3-induced acute myocarditis is most likely the consequence of direct virus-induced myocyte damage, whereas chronic CVB3 infection-associated heart disease is dominated by its immunopathological sequelae. Bona fide autoimmunity, for example, directed against cardiac myosin, may favor chronic destructive immune damage in the heart muscle and thereby promote the development of DCM. The immunopathogenesis of myocarditis and subsequent DCM induced either by pathogens or autoantigens can be investigated in well-established animal models. In this article, we review recent studies on the role of viruses, with particular emphasis on CVB3, and different immunological effector mechanisms in initiation and progression of myocarditis

SROI as a Method for Evaluation Research: Understanding Merits and Limitations

NPOs and their funders are increasingly drawn to the Social Return on Investment (SROI) method to evaluate the social impact of programs, organizations or organization networks. While many claims about the benefits of SROI have been expressed, various points of criticism have also been raised. On the basis of both current research and our own experience in conducting SROI analyses, we develop a comprehensive assessment of this method, which is structured along two dimensions: the observer's paradigmatic perspective, on the one hand, and positive or negative valuation, on the other. We identify two major merits: SROI analysis can provide legitimacy to NPOs or their funders, and it can assist in allocating resources. We identify limitations from three perspectives: From an interpretative-sociological perspective, criticism of commensuration and utilitarianism calls the method as a whole into question. From a technical-instrumental perspective, there are a number of difficulties that could however be overcome as the method matures. From an intermediary perspective, a number of limitations become apparent that, while inherent to SROI analysis, are no reason for abandoning it, as long as they are thoroughly understood. We conclude by providing suggestions for the responsible use of SROI analysis

NEURAL NETWORK MODELING IN SPORT BIOMECHANICS BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF SHOT-PUT FLIGHT

In this study, a modeling method based on Multi-Layer-Perceptron neural networks (MLP) is presented, using the example of shot-put flight. This method can be used for rapid construction of models. For performance of shot-put, a physical model based on the shots’ equations of motion is easily designed. In this way, an analysis of the shot-put projectory can be used to illustrate the effectiveness of the neural network modeling method. Using the physical model, release data has been determined and altered with random errors such as those introduced by video analysis. A technique for optimal learning with the neural networks has been developed. The resulting MLP models the shot-put flight successfully. The difference between the model’s predicted distance and the distance reached by the physical model are within 2.5%. In conclusion, this method allows rapid creation of models to solve biomechanical problems and can serve as a useful tool for coaches and athletes

Deformation behavior of bulk metallic glasses produced via Severe Plastic Deformation and the influence of a second phase

Over the last years bulk metallic glasses (BMG) have been strongly investigated as their mechanical properties are very promising especially in terms of their high yield strength and high elastic strain. However, a major drawback is their complicated production depending strongly on dimensions and chemistry. A promising technique to overcome these drawbacks is using a severe plastic deformation process, e.g. high pressure torsion (HPT), where the production can be started with metallic glass powders, which are generally much easier to fabricate. For this route, the powder is consolidated and then the powder particles are welded together by applying a high shear deformation. The produced specimen remain fully amorphous and no porosity is detectable after sufficient deformation [1]. To improve the mechanical properties of the BMG, the used Zr-based metallic glass powder is mixed with a crystalline Cu-powder or a Ni-based metallic glass powder to achieve a metal/metallic glass composite or a metallic glass/ metallic glass composite, respectively. Due to the small amounts of produced material, conventional macroscopic characterization methods, like compression or tension tests can hardly be used to analyze the overall mechanical properties. Therefore, in this work different micromechanical testing methods, such as nanoindentation, in-situ SEM micropillar compression, and finally in situ TEM picoindentation were carried out to investigate the deformation behavior under ambient but also non-ambient conditions. Using nanoindentation, the hardness and the Young’s Modulus was determined for two HPT-deformed BMGs with different composition. Additionally, high temperature nanoindentation experiments up to 350 °C were conducted to determine not only the temperature dependent hardness and the Young’s modulus but also to study the change in thermally activated processes during deformation via nanoindentation strain rate jump tests. It was found, that nanoindentation hardness is in good accordance to the macroscopic Vickers results. Increasing the temperature, hardness decreases slightly, while the modulus increases. The shear band formation is also dependent on the deformation temperature, since the extent of stair case formation in the load-displacement curves changes. Overcoming 300°C, the material becomes extremely ductile showing a strong strain rate sensitivity. Further, the uniaxial mechanical response of Zr-based BMG was examined in-situ in SEM using FIB prepared micropillars. The microcompression experiments revealed a strength of more than 2 GPa. Steps in the stress-strain curve suggest shear band formation, which could also be confirmed by the in-situ recorded SEM images Finally the influence of the second materials phase was investigated via TEM in-situ picoindentation, where a wedge shaped indenter was pressed in a TEM lamella. The load-displacement curve show a similar stair case behavior as seen during nanoindention and microcompression, indicating shear band formation. The shear band formation could be also observed in the TEM micrographs

Impact of temperature and hydrogen on the nanomechanical properties of a highly deformed high entropy alloy

Due to their quite attractive properties, high-entropy alloys have emerged to an intensely studied class of alloys within the past years. Besides their high strength and maintained ductility, literature reports modest sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement for conventional microstructures. Utilizing severe plastic deformation methods, for example high-pressure torsion, it is possible to further tailor the mechanical properties by microstructure refinement to the nanometer regime, which in turn increases the hydrogen storage capability at internal defects and boundaries. Furthermore, the nanocrystalline grain size provides markedly enhanced strength values, while the high fraction of grain boundaries influences the hydrogen diffusion and storage kinetics. Within this study, the micromechanical characteristics of pure Ni and a single phase face-centered cubic CrMnFeCoNi alloy in fine and ultra-fine grained microstructural conditions, fabricated by high pressure torsion, will be investigated in detail. Moreover, electrochemical in-situ nanoindentation will be employed to determine the impact of hydrogen charging on the mechanical performance of this high-entropy alloy class and will be set into context to result found for pure Ni

Bulk metallic glass composites: microstructural influences on mechanical properties

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have been strongly investigated as they show on the one hand interesting mechanical properties as high strength and good wear resistance but on the other hand limited ductile deformability. Bulk metallic glass composites (BMGCs) are very promising to overcome and improve the properties by clever combination of different phases. However, a major drawback is the limited choices of phase combinations in common fabrication routes and lack of major microstructure adjustability. A promising technique to overcome these drawbacks is severe plastic deformation process, e.g. high pressure torsion (HPT), where the production can be started with metallic glass powders. For this route, the powder is consolidated and deformed by applying a high shear deformation to bulk samples. Therefore, it is possible to produce fully amorphous specimens [1], but also composites containing two different amorphous phases or an amorphous and a crystalline one [2]. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract