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Supernumerary kidneys: a clinical and radiological analysis of nine cases.
BACKGROUND: A supernumerary kidney (SK) is an additional kidney with its own capsule and blood supply that is not fused with the ipsilateral kidney (IK). Because individual case reports indicate a high morbidity rate, the aim of this retrospective study was a detailed analysis of this rare anatomical variant. METHODS: Our systematic imaging-based search for SKs, conducted in the period from 2000 and to 2017, yielded 9 cases in total (5 men, 4 women; mean age: 51.8 ± 22.8 years). RESULTS: The SKs were observed on the right in six and on the left side in three cases. In six subjects (66%) they were located caudal and in three cases (33%) cranial to the ipsilateral kidney. Calculi were found in three (33%) of the renal collecting systems. Five (56%) of the SKs had hydronephrosis grade IV and one SK had recurrent pyelonephritis (11%). Two of the ureters opened into the ipsilateral seminal vesicle (22%). Two (22%) SKs were functional but atrophic. Clinically relevant findings were made in 33% of the IKs: atrophy (n = 2), calculi (n = 1), and reflux with recurrent pyelonephritis (n = 1); another 33% had anatomical anomalies without functional impairment. The correct diagnosis of a SK is possible using CT imaging in all subjects. The prevalence of SK based on CT imaging can be estimated to be 1:26750. CONCLUSIONS: CT is the method of choice for visualizing SKs. The correct diagnosis is crucial in preventing dispensable surgical procedures and for providing optimal patient treatment and outcome
Assessment of semi-quantitative parameters for visual interpretation of stress-perfusion CMR in obstructive coronary artery disease
1139 Elimination of ghosting artifacts originating from body fluids with long T1 values in segmented ECG-gated IR-prepared sequences
Ac transport studies in polymers by a resistor network and transfer matrix approaches: application to polyaniline
A statistical model of resistor network is proposed to describe a polymer
structure and to simulate the real and imaginary components of its ac
resistivity. It takes into account the polydispersiveness of the material as
well as intrachain and interchain charge transport processes. By the
application of a transfer matrix technique, it reproduces ac resistivity
measurements carried out with polyaniline films in different doping degrees and
at different temperatures. Our results indicate that interchain processes
govern the resistivity behavior in the low frequency region while, for higher
frequencies, intrachain mechanisms are dominant.Comment: LaTeX file, 15 pages, 5 ps figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.
Assessment of semi-quantitative parameters for visual interpretation of stress-perfusion CMR in obstructive coronary artery disease
The relationship of the transmural extent of T2-edema compared with the transmural extent of infarction: implications for the assessment of the area-at-risk
Time course of the effect of ferumoxytol on T1-relaxation times of blood, liver, myocardium, and acute infarction
The relationship of the transmural extent of T2-edema compared with the transmural extent of infarction: implications for the assessment of the area-at-risk
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