Channel Assortment Strategy for Reliable Communication in Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, we propose a channel assortment strategy for Reliable Communication in Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Networks

Emergency section and overcrowding in a university hospital of Karachi, Pakistan

Objective: To quantify the extent of Emergency Section overcrowding at a tertiary care hospital and to identify possible solutions.Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of all the patients presented to the Aga Khan University Hospital\u27s (AKUH) Emergency Section (ES). The ES information system has an automatic patient log and generates daily report for patients who stay longer than 6 hours. The charts of all patients who stayed longer than 6 hours were reviewed.Results: Among 9630 patients, 1999 (20.8%) were held in the ES for more than 6 hours. Of those 134 (6.7%) were discharged from the ES, while 1535 (76.8) were admitted to the hospital. About two-third of all delays were due to unavailability of bed, followed by financial constraints, involvement of multiple specialty, and because the admitting residents wanted to investigate the patients more thoroughly.CONCLUSION: Significant overcrowding exists in Emergency Section of the hospital. Four solutions were proposed: (1) early discharges of in-patients, (2) creation of a holding unit, (3) flexible ward assignment, (4) active inter-facility transfer. These efforts will lead to an optimal care in the Emergency Section in rising patient demand

Teacher education in Pakistan with particular reference to teachers\u27 conceptions of teaching

This paper discusses teacher education in Pakistan with particular emphasis on teachers’ conceptions of teaching in improving quality of education. This paper is based on an initial study that examines teachers’ conceptions of teaching in the context of Pakistan. The study seeks to explore whether teachers’ conceptions of teaching influence decision-making in classroom teaching. It describes conditions of teaching and learning in Pakistan and argues for reform in teacher education to improve quality of teaching and learning