Teaching Three-Digit Addition with Differentiated Instruction and Assessment Strategies

This capstone project includes a synopsis of the differentiated instructional and assessment strategies that were integrated throughout a second-grade math unit. The unit of instruction focused on three-digit addition with regrouping. The unit was taught over six days between the pre-test and post-test. Students were tested on their understanding of place value with three-digits, regrouping with addition, and solving three-digit addition from an equation. Following the analysis of student data, it was noted that students’ understanding, and performance increased throughout this unit by using a variety of instructional strategies and assessment methods. I collected and analyzed the pre- and post-assessment data and found that praise and recognition, nonlinguistic representations, providing feedback, questioning, and written responses are effective instructional strategies and assessment methods for increasing student learning

What do family physicians consider an error? A comparison of definitions and physician perception

BACKGROUND: Physicians are being asked to report errors from primary care, but little is known about how they apply the term "error." This study qualitatively assesses the relationship between the variety of error definitions found in the medical literature and physicians' assessments of whether an error occurred in a series of clinical scenarios. METHODS: A systematic literature review and pilot survey results were analyzed qualitatively to search for insights into what may affect the use of the term error. The National Library of Medicine was systematically searched for medical error definitions. Survey participants were a random sample of active members of the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and a selected sample of family physician patient safety "experts." A survey consisting of 5 clinical scenarios with problems (wrong test performed, abnormal result not followed-up, abnormal result overlooked, blood tube broken and missing scan results) was sent by mail to AAFP members and by e-mail to the experts. Physicians were asked to judge if an error occurred. A qualitative analysis was performed via "immersion and crystallization" of emergent insights from the collected data. RESULTS: While one definition, that originated by James Reason, predominated the literature search, we found 25 different definitions for error in the medical literature. Surveys were returned by 28.5% of 1000 AAFP members and 92% of 25 experts. Of the 5 scenarios, 100% felt overlooking an abnormal result was an error. For other scenarios there was less agreement (experts and AAFP members, respectively agreeing an error occurred): 100 and 87% when the wrong test was performed, 96 and 87% when an abnormal test was not followed up, 74 and 62% when scan results were not available during a patient visit, and 57 and 47% when a blood tube was broken. Through qualitative analysis, we found that three areas may affect how physicians make decisions about error: the process that occurred vs. the outcome that occurred, rare vs. common occurrences and system vs. individual responsibility CONCLUSION: There is a lack of consensus about what constitutes an error both in the medical literature and in decision making by family physicians. These potential areas of confusion need further study

Abuses Against Older Women: Prevalence and Health Effects

A clinical sample of 995 community dwelling women aged 55 and older were surveyed by telephone about their experience with psychological/emotional, control, threat, physical, and sexual abuse. Nearly half of the women experienced at least one type of abuse since turning 55. Sizable proportions were victims of repeated abuse, and many experienced co-occurring abuse. Women who experience any type of abuse were more likely to self-report negative health effects than those who were not abused. Health are and social service providers should routinely screen older women for psychological/emotional abuse at it often co-occurs with more severe forms of abuse

Abuses Against Older Women: Prevalence and Health Effects

A clinical sample of 995 community dwelling women aged 55 and older were surveyed by telephone about their experience with psychological/emotional, control, threat, physical, and sexual abuse. Nearly half of the women experienced at least one type of abuse since turning 55. Sizable proportions were victims of repeated abuse, and many experienced co-occurring abuse. Women who experience any type of abuse were more likely to self-report negative health effects than those who were not abused. Health are and social service providers should routinely screen older women for psychological/emotional abuse at it often co-occurs with more severe forms of abuse

Hidden Victims: The Healthcare Needs and Experiences of Older Women in Abusive Relationships

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a problem in older women, but older victims of IPV are often unidentified in the medical setting because providers think of IPV as a problem of younger women. The experiences of older women with IPV are unknown. This study reports on the healthcare experiences and needs of older victims of IPV. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 38 women \u3e55 years who responded to an advertisement recruiting women who had been in an abusive relationship since age 55. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed for themes. Results: The median age of participants was 58 years (range 55–90). The majority were Caucasian with annual incomes over $40,000. The median relationship length was 24 years (range 2–67), and 39% remained in their abusive relationships. About half had discussed IPV with a healthcare provider. The themes that were identified included disclosure about IPV and both negative and positive experiences with healthcare providers. Reasons for nondisclosure were similar to those of younger women but were compounded by the generational mores of privacy about domestic affairs and society\u27s lack of understanding and resources for IPV. Some of the women who disclosed IPV to their providers felt discounted and unsupported. Others reported receiving valuable help, including empathy, referrals to resources, assistance in naming the abuse, linking the stress of IPV to health, and respect for their decisions to continue their abusive relationships. Conclusions: Older women victims have difficulty initiating discussions about IPV with their providers. Providers are encouraged to identify signals of potential abuse and to create privacy with all patients to discuss difficult issues, such as IPV, and to be knowledgeable about appropriate referrals

Cohort, Period, and Aging Effects A Qualitative Study of Older Women’s Reasons for Remaining in Abusive Relationships

To understand women’s reasons for continuing long-term abusive relationships, inter-views were conducted with 36 women who were over the age of 55. These women matured during times of sweeping social changes with the feminist, battered women’s, and elder abuse movements. Reasons for remaining were organized into three categories: cohort, period, and aging effects. Cohort effects included reasons similar to those of younger women such as lacking education or job skills. Period effects related to efforts to seek help early in the abusive relationship and receiving little assistance from society’s social institutions. Finally, aging effects dealt with how the health challenges of physical age limited options