The Effects of a Tiered-Training Intervention on Teachers\u27 Use of Behavior Specific Praise During the Reading Instruction of Elementary Students with Emotional Disabilities

Despite longstanding acknowledgement regarding the effectiveness of behavior specific praise for students with emotional disabilities, there continues to be an underuse of this strategy with this population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a tiered training intervention on teachers\u27 use of behavior specific praise during the small group reading instruction of elementary students with emotional disabilities. A multiple baseline design was used across two groups of teacher and student participants as the means of investigating the effectiveness of the training model on teachers\u27 use of behavior specific praise and the associated student outcomes. Similar to previous studies, results indicated that a brief approach to teacher training may be effective in increasing teachers\u27 use of behavior specific for students with emotional disabilities during small group reading instruction. Future research is needed to explore increasing teachers\u27 maintenance of this strategy, the effect of behavior specific praise on the academic achievement of students with emotional disabilities, and the challenges of conducting research in an applied setting for students with emotional disabilities

The Effect of Yoga in Reducing Pain Related to Arthritis: An Integrative Review of the Literature

Research shows that arthritis is the most common cause of disability in the United States (Middleton et al., 2013). The PICOT question for this systematic review of literature is “In adults over the age of 40 years, how do yoga interventions, compared to pharmacological pain relief methods alone, affect arthritic pain intensity and frequency?” This systematic review will discuss the possible benefits of using yoga as treatment for both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The methods for this review included a comprehensive search yielding nineteen credible studies using the databases Search-A-Roo, Google Scholar, and CINAHL Plus for full-text academic journal articles containing studies discussing the use of yoga for adult patients with arthritic conditions

Patients as researchers - innovative experiences in UK National Health Service research

Consumer involvement is an established priority in UK health and social care service development and research. To date, little has been published describing the process of consumer involvement and assessing ‘consumers’ contributions to research. This paper provides a practical account of the effective incorporation of consumers into a research team, and outlines the extent to which they can enhance the research cycle; from project development and conduct, through data analysis and interpretation, to dissemination. Salient points are illustrated using the example of their collaboration in a research project. Of particular note were consumers’ contributions to the development of an ethically enhanced, more robust project design, and enriched data interpretation, which may not have resulted had consumers not been an integral part of the research team

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Carbenium Ion Additions Towards Alkenes

The ionisation (Ar2CHCl + BC13 v=± Ar2CH+BCi;) and dissociation (Ar2CH+BCi; ^=*Ar2CH+ + BCl^) equilibria of diarylmethyl chlorides i n boron trichloride/ dichloromethane solution have been studied by conductimetry, photometry and *H NMR spectroscopy. Small differences i n the UV-vis spectra of diarylcarbenium tetrachloroborates, which have been observed i n solutions of low and high tetrachloroborate concentration, can be attributed to the formation of 1 :1 ion-pairs i n the more concentrated solutions. Low temperature calorimetry was used to determine the heats of addition of diarylcarbenium tetrachloroborates to 2~methyl-1 -pentene (Ar2CH+BCi; + H2C=CRRT ArjCH-CHj-CRR'Cl + BC13), and it is estimated that the standard free enthalpy of t h i s reaction is greater than 0 for systems with pKR+ > -2.6. Kinetic studies have shown that paired and unpaired diarylcarbenium tetrachloroborates exhibit identical reactivity towards alkenes. A rationalisation for the different situation in carbocationic and carbanionic polymerisation i s presented. The rate constants for the initiation of isobutene, styrene and isoprene polymerisation by diarylcarbenium ions have been determined, and it is shown, how propagation rate constants can be estimated from linear free energy relationships

Garver Industrial Design Project: Designing a Full-Scale Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment Facility for the City of Lawton, Oklahoma

A groundwater treatment facility was designed for Lawton, Oklahoma to address potential water scarcity due to drought conditions in southwest Oklahoma. The facility will produce five million gallons per day (MGD) of treated water. The plant will have the capacity of treating 4,085 gallons per minute of influent water at an 86% recovery. The water to be treated will come from the Arbuckle-Timbered Hills Aquifer. Studies have been conducted around the aquifer to identify the best well site locations. A centralized treatment facility using reverse osmosis filtration as the main treatment technology has been designed. To prevent reverse osmosis membrane fouling, several pre- treatment steps including pH adjustment, ozonation, sand filtration, and pre-screening have been added to the process to extend the life of the membrane. The main contaminants to be removed in the treatment are chloride, fluoride, total dissolved solids, and arsenic which are all above the acceptable levels set by the Environmental Protection Agency. The water produced by the new treatment plant will be pH neutral and will have lower contaminant levels than the water currently produced by the Southeast Water Treatment Plant. This ensures that both the new treated groundwater and current surface water streams can be mixed into the Southeast Water Treatment Plant’s distribution system without damage to the existing infrastructure. The waste from the new plant will be sent to the Lawton wastewater treatment facility for treatment. The total fixed capital cost for the plant is estimated to be $18.1 MM and the yearly operating cost is$1.6 MM. This estimate includes 20 plant operators spread between 4 shifts at $45 M per operator. Assuming the 5 MGD of water produced is sold, the current pricing structure for the City of Lawton should be sufficient to operate the treatment plant with a 5.4- year payback period with a 20-year net present worth of$20 MM at a 5 percent discount rate

Healthcare professionals' preferences for surgery or primary endocrine therapy to treat older women with operable breast cancer

Introduction : Primary endocrine therapy (PET) is an alternative treatment to surgery for oestrogen receptor (ER) positive operable breast cancer in older women. However, there is variable use of PET in the UK, with up to 40% of patients aged over 70 receiving PET instead of surgery in some regions. Treatment options offered to patients rely heavily on healthcare professional (HCP) assessment and opinion on which treatments are appropriate. Materials and methods : This was a mixed methods study combining semi-structured interviews with HCPs working in high and low PET regions in the UK, followed by a postal questionnaire survey distributed via the Association of Breast Surgery (ABS). Results : Thirty-four HCPs (20 breast surgeons; 13 nurse specialists; 1 geriatrician) were interviewed from 14 sites across the UK and 252/641 questionnaires returned (39%). There was an overriding view that PET is not suitable for patients under the age of 80 unless there are significant comorbidities. Opinion was split regarding the best way to treat patients with dementia. Patient preference was generally stated to be the most important factor when considering treatment, however only around a quarter 65/244 (26.6%) felt that all patients over the age of 70 should be offered PET as an alternative treatment option. Conclusions : Opinions differ on the best way to treat women over 70 with operable breast cancer, especially if they have co-existing dementia, as well as whether they should be offered PET as a treatment option. This may be a significant cause of treatment variation in the UK. Keywords : Breast cancer; Primary endocrine therapy; Surgery; Elderly; Older; Mixed methods.</p