Low Resilience Was a Risk Factor of Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic but Not in Individuals Exposed to COVID-19: A Cohort Study in Spanish Adult General Population

Coronavirus; Resilience, Psychological; Mental HealthCoronavirus; Resiliencia psicológica; Salud mentalCoronavirus; Resiliència, psicològica; Salut MentalBackground: The aim is to analyze whether people with low resilience are at higher risk of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish adults. Methods: a longitudinal cohort study was carried out. Resilience was measured with the CD-RISC. Mental health problems that were assessed included: Major Depressive Episode (MDE), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors (STB), and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Results: we found statistically significant differences between groups and resilience scores in MDE [F (3; 48.40) = 19.55], GAD [F (3; 19.63) = 6.45] and STB [F (3; 111.74) = 31.94]. Multivariable analyses showed individuals with very low resilience were at a 5-fold risk of Incidence of MDE and a 4-fold risk of STB. Persistent group presented a 21-fold risk of MDE and 54-fold risk of STB. No evidence of higher risk was found for GAD. Individuals with low resilience and exposed to COVID-19 were not at higher risk. Individuals with low resilience were at higher risk of PTSD in general population [β(95% CI) = -3.25 (-3.969 to -2.54)], but not for individuals with COVID-19. Conclusions: in the general population, having low or very low resilience increases the risk of suffering MDE, STB, and PTSD, but not GAD during the COVID-19 pandemic, and not in the population with COVID-19

Low Resilience Was a Risk Factor of Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic but Not in Individuals Exposed to COVID-19: A Cohort Study in Spanish Adult General Population

Background: The aim is to analyze whether people with low resilience are at higher risk of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish adults. Methods: a longitudinal cohort study was carried out. Resilience was measured with the CD-RISC. Mental health problems that were assessed included: Major Depressive Episode (MDE), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors (STB), and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Results: we found statistically significant differences between groups and resilience scores in MDE [F (3; 48.40) = 19.55], GAD [F (3; 19.63) = 6.45] and STB [F (3; 111.74) = 31.94]. Multivariable analyses showed individuals with very low resilience were at a 5-fold risk of Incidence of MDE and a 4-fold risk of STB. Persistent group presented a 21-fold risk of MDE and 54-fold risk of STB. No evidence of higher risk was found for GAD. Individuals with low resilience and exposed to COVID-19 were not at higher risk. Individuals with low resilience were at higher risk of PTSD in general population [β(95% CI) = −3.25 (−3.969 to −2.54)], but not for individuals with COVID-19. Conclusions: in the general population, having low or very low resilience increases the risk of suffering MDE, STB, and PTSD, but not GAD during the COVID-19 pandemic, and not in the population with COVID-19

The pathway of forgiveness: unraveling the role of one’s decision to forgive

Past research has suggested the potential benefits of forgiveness to overcome the negative consequences of experiencing interpersonal hurts. More specifically, forgiveness has been found to be very linked with health and well-being. Making a decision to forgive could be considered a permanent form of forgiving, however, no studies have examined how decisional forgiveness influences the whole process of forgiveness. The main objective of this dissertation is to study the role of making a decision to forgive in the forgiveness process. To achieve our objective, we presented three different studies. First, we present a systematic review of all the existing methods to assess forgiveness. Second, we provide a translation and validation of the Decision to Forgive Scale (DTFS) into Spanish. Third, we run a longitudinal study about how a decision to forgive influences the three major dimensions of forgiveness (i.e., avoidance, revenge, and benevolence) and how it is related to health and well-being variables. Results indicated that the Spanish version of the DTFS is a valid and reliable measure that can be used in clinical context and for research purposes. Also, the decision to forgive was found to be a predictor of change of the three major dimensions of the TRIM-18, principally of the benevolence dimension. These results suggest that developing interventions focused on decisional forgiveness may facilitate the reduction of the negative dimension of forgiveness and increase the positive one faster that others focused on emotional forgiveness

Exploración de la dimensionalidad y las propiedades psicométricas del TRIM-18 en contexto Español.

Introduction: The Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation (TRIM-18) Inventory is an instrument that assesses episodic forgiveness. This scale is composed of three subscales: avoidance, revenge and benevolence. The present study examined the dimensionality of the Spanish version of the TRIM-18 (TRIM-18-S) and provided evidence of validity and reliability. Method: A total of 943 participants completed the TRIM-18-S.  A subset of 277 participants completed additional measures of empathy, anger, and information regarding the relation with the offender. Results: The TRIM-18-S showed good psychometric properties, and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a three-factor structure. Conclusions: The scale presents adequate psychometric properties for its potential use in a Spanish population. La escala Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation (TRIM-18) es un instrumento diseñado para evaluar perdón específico compuesto por tres subescalas: evitación, venganza y benevolencia. En el presente estudio se examina la dimensionalidad de la versión española del TRIM-18 (TRIM-18-S). Se presentan evidencias de fiabilidad de las puntuaciones y de validez de constructo de la interpretación de las puntuaciones. Método: Un total de 943 sujetos completaron el TRIM-18-S. Una submuestra seleccionada al azar de 94 participantes completaron la escala otra vez dos semanas después para el cálculo de la estabilidad temporal, y 277 participantes seleccionados al azar completaron adicionalmente otras medidas de empatía, ira e información relacionada con el tipo de ofensor para el cálculo de la validez de constructo. Resultados: El TRIM-18-S mostró buenas propiedades psicométricas. El análisis factorial confirmatorio reveló una estructura tridimensional. Los valores del alfa de Cronbach variaron entre .80 y .90. Los valores obtenidos para la fiabilidad test-retest variaron entre.74 y .84. Se hallaron evidencias de validez de constructo a partir de las correlaciones con el ítem único de medida de perdón y con empatía, ira, cercanía con el ofensor y tipo de relación. Conclusiones: La escala presenta propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su uso en población española

Exploring the dimensionality of the TRIM-18 in the Spanish context

Introduction: The Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation (TRIM-18) Inventory is an instrument that assesses episodic forgiveness. This scale is composed of three subscales: avoidance, revenge and benevolence. The present study examined the dimensionality of the Spanish version of the TRIM-18 (TRIM-18-S) and provided evidence of validity and reliability. Method: A total of 943 participants completed the TRIM-18-S.  A subset of 277 participants completed additional measures of empathy, anger, and information regarding the relation with the offender. Results: The TRIM-18-S showed good psychometric properties, and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a three-factor structure. Conclusions: The scale presents adequate psychometric properties for its potential use in a Spanish population. La escala Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation (TRIM-18) es un instrumento diseñado para evaluar perdón específico compuesto por tres subescalas: evitación, venganza y benevolencia. En el presente estudio se examina la dimensionalidad de la versión española del TRIM-18 (TRIM-18-S). Se presentan evidencias de fiabilidad de las puntuaciones y de validez de constructo de la interpretación de las puntuaciones. Método: Un total de 943 sujetos completaron el TRIM-18-S. Una submuestra seleccionada al azar de 94 participantes completaron la escala otra vez dos semanas después para el cálculo de la estabilidad temporal, y 277 participantes seleccionados al azar completaron adicionalmente otras medidas de empatía, ira e información relacionada con el tipo de ofensor para el cálculo de la validez de constructo. Resultados: El TRIM-18-S mostró buenas propiedades psicométricas. El análisis factorial confirmatorio reveló una estructura tridimensional. Los valores del alfa de Cronbach variaron entre .80 y .90. Los valores obtenidos para la fiabilidad test-retest variaron entre.74 y .84. Se hallaron evidencias de validez de constructo a partir de las correlaciones con el ítem único de medida de perdón y con empatía, ira, cercanía con el ofensor y tipo de relación. Conclusiones: La escala presenta propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su uso en población española

Socio-economic and psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in a Spanish cohort BIOVAL-D-COVID-19 study protocol

Objective: SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has a negative psychological impact among general population. Data comparing mental health status before and during the outbreak is needed. The BIOVAL-D-COVID-19 study assess the socio-economic and psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in a representative sample of non-institutionalized Spanish adult population, and estimate the incidence of mental health disorders, including suicidal behaviours, and possible related factors. Method: Observational longitudinal study including two online surveys: baseline survey (T0) performed during 2019 and follow-up survey (T1) conducted 12-month later. The latter included nine sections: socio-demographic, health status, mental health, employment conditions and status, material deprivation, use of healthcare services, intimate partner violence and resilience. Four of the nine sections are administered in T0 and T1 assessments. Longitudinal data analyses will estimate adjusted incidence rates of mental health disorders using Poisson regression models. Risk and protective factors will be analysed through multiple logistic regression models