Element specific characterization of heterogeneous magnetism in (Ga,Fe)N films

We employ x-ray spectroscopy to characterize the distribution and magnetism of particular alloy constituents in (Ga,Fe)N films grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. Furthermore, photoelectron microscopy gives direct evidence for the aggregation of Fe ions, leading to the formation of Fe-rich nanoregions adjacent to the samples surface. A sizable x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) signal at the Fe L-edges in remanence and at moderate magnetic fields at 300 K links the high temperature ferromagnetism with the Fe(3d) states. The XMCD response at the N K-edge highlights that the N(2p) states carry considerable spin polarization. We conclude that FeN{\delta} nanocrystals, with \delta > 0.25, stabilize the ferromagnetic response of the films.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

A protocol to examine the colour damage profile of bleach containing detergents

Abstract In the development of new and improved bleach systems for detergents there is a need for a reliable and generally accepted protocol to test colour and fibre damage. We here describe a protocol to screen detergents on colour damage/fading under European wash conditions, using a recently developed set of dyed fabrics. The test protocol has been evaluated in an inter-laboratory test and was found to be robust in the sense that it gave similar results in different laboratories. Hence the protocol described is recommended for testing the colour damage/fading properties of oxidative bleach containing detergents for the European market.</jats:p