Contextual Epistemic Logic

One of the highlights of recent informal epistemology is its growing theoretical emphasis upon various notions of context. The present paper addresses the connections between knowledge and context within a formal approach. To this end, a "contextual epistemic logic", CEL, is proposed, which consists of an extension of standard S5 epistemic modal logic with appropriate reduction axioms to deal with an extra contextual operator. We describe the axiomatics and supply both a Kripkean and a dialogical semantics for CEL. An illustration of how it may fruitfully be applied to informal epistemological matters is provided

Reasoning about Knowledge in Context

In this paper we propose a new semantics, based on the notion of a "contextual model", that makes it possible to express and compare — within a unique formal framework — different views on the roles of various notions of context in knowledge ascriptions. We use it to provide a logical analysis of such positions as skeptical and moderate invariantism, contextualism, and subject-sensitive invariantism. A dynamic formalism is also proposed that offers new insights into a classical skeptical puzzle

Between De Dicto and De Re: De Objecto Attitudes

International audienceHintikka's second generation epistemic logic introduces a syntactic device allowing to express independence relations between certain logical constants. De re knowledge attributions can be reformulated in terms of quantifier independence. However, the reformulation does not extend to non-factive attitudes like belief. There, formulas with independent quantifiers serve to express a new type of attitude, intermediate between de dicto and de re, to be dubbed as attitudes de objecto: in each possible world compatible with the agent's belief, there is an individual with the specified property - the same individual in each world (contrast with de dicto), while the individual need not exist actually (unlike with de re). We discuss the philosophical benefits of our analysis of propositional attitudes. We propose a refined account of the behaviour of proper names as well as of indefinite and definite descriptions in attitude reports. Some remarks about perception and the hallucination argument are also presented

Preface

The fundamental question of Metaphysics is “What is reality?” And the most fundamental question about this fundamental question is “Can we answer this question?” Full realists think we can. They are convinced that the world is independent of our minds and that we can know it as it is independently of us. Half realists think that the world is independent of us (onto-logical realism), but that we cannot know it as it is independently of our minds (epistemological anti-realism). Full anti-realis..

Editorial

Le présent cahier thématique de Philosophia Scientiae reprend une sélection de conférences présentées à Nancy en octobre 2002 dans le cadre du colloque international “Philosophical Insights into Logic and Mathematics” (PILM). Outre les travaux historiques, la vingtaine de contributions rassemblées dans ce numéro offre un bon aperçu de la richesse des positions hétérodoxes défendues en matière de fondements : théorie des catégories, théorie des jeux, fondements cognitifs, approche de la tradit..

Une analyse basée sur la S-DRT pour la modélisation de dialogues pathologiques

International audienceIn this article, we present a corpus of dialogues between a schizophrenic speaker and an interlocutor who drives the dialogue. We had identified specific discontinuities for paranoid schizophrenics. We propose a modeling of these discontinuities with S-DRT (its pragmatic part)Dans cet article, nous présentons la définition et l'étude d'un corpus de dialogues entre un schizophrène et uninter- locuteur ayant pour objectif la conduite et le maintien de l'échange. Nous avons identifié des discontinuités significatives chez les schizophrènes paranoïdes. Une représentation issue de la S-DRT (sa partie pragmatique) permet de rendre compte des ces usages non standards

Schizophrénie et Langage : Analyse et modélisation. De l'utilisation des modèles formels en pragmatique pour la modélisation de discours pathologiques: De l'utilisation des modèles formels en pragmatique pour la modélisation de discours pathologiques.

International audienceCes travaux ont pour vocation de mettre en œuvre les modèles formels de représentation sémantico-pragmatique, développés depuis une vingtaine d'année, dans le cadre d'interactions langagières avec des schizophrènes. L'objectif est double : il s'agit d'une part de mettre en avant des indices objectifs de dysfonctionnement dans l'acte de parole, et d'autre part d'ouvrir à une interprétation cognitive des propriétés des formalismes

SLAM Schizophrénie et Langage : Analyse et Modélisation

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Discourse coherence - From psychology to linguistics and back again

Language, Cognition and MindInternational audienceThe present volume explores recent advances in modeling discourse processes, particularly new approaches aimed at understanding pathological language behavior specific to schizophrenia. In this work, we examine the modeling paradigm of formal semantics, which falls within the scope of both linguistics and logic while providing overlapping links with other fields such as philosophy of language and cognitive psychology. This volume is based on results presented during the series of workshops on (In)Coherence and Discourse organized by SLAM (Schizophrenia and Language: Analysis and Modeling), a project developed to systemize the study of pathological language processing by taking an overarching interdisciplinary approach combining psychology, linguistics, computer science and philosophy. The principle focus is on conversations produced by people with psychiatric disorders (such as schizophrenia and autism). The series of (In)Coherence of Discourse workshops hosted by the Loria were held in Nancy, France and include 33 presentations by lead researchers, young researchers and invited speakers. Our focus is on evaluating the heuristics of several formal approaches presented in the scientific literature aimed at explaining the incongruities and disturbances that characterize pathological discourse. We examine specifically the degree to which these formal approaches and experiments support traditional debates about discourse coherence and related cognitive processes. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of a range of works that have attempted to explain key disturbances such as disordered language and deficit in inferential skills, we show why some approaches are more relevant than others. Discourse coherence has traditionally been explored through discipline-specific research. We propose that considerable potential lies in approaching the question through a wider lens by considering perspectives across a range of disciplines; notably linguistics, computer science, philosophy and psychology. This volume underscores the importance and value of exploring this particularly complex issue within an interdisciplinary framework. In this introduction we begin by addressing the fundamental differences between current experimental and clinical approaches. By considering the underlying assumptions inherent in each, we show how both approaches fail to account for intentionality as an independent feature interaction dynamics. In the first section of this chapter, we show how modeling complex mental operations (including intentional states) through formal approaches to language can potentially compensate for this lack. In the second section, we describe several selected theories of linguistics and dedicate a section to those that have been applied to the study of schizophrenia. In the third and final section, we revisit the epistemological issues raised by the plurality of approaches to discourse coherence. We conclude with a more detailed presentation of the contributions in this volume