Nuevos modelos para la innovación en el diseño conceptual de productos: "Mapa del estado del arte de la propuesta conceptual" (New tools for product conceptual design: "State map of art in the conceptual proposal")

El siguiente artículo trata sobre el desarrollo y aplicación de un modelo visual que organiza y orienta el estado del arte a partir de la definición teórica del producto. Un mapa conceptual que permite realizar un análisis del estado del arte en torno a una propuesta conceptual de un nuevo producto. Esta propuesta teórica nombra y especifica, mediante el uso de la palabra, cualidades y atributos del producto. Éstos son analizados de manera desagregada y se buscan soluciones y principios en los productos que existen en el entorno y en el mercado. Estos atributos se estructuran en diversos niveles; la competencia directa (tipología de producto con mismo atributo), principios de funcionamientos, analogías en el mundo artificial y luego en el mundo natural.Este modelo integra de manera simultánea el enfoque metodológico de la observación con el estudio del estado del arte, en una herramienta visual que facilita la estructuración de la información y su presentación, sirviendo de registro y diagrama para hacer más consciente la toma de decisiones y relaciones efectuadas en el proceso creativo. Se ejemplifican con el estudio y desarrollo de artefactos y accesorios de cocina para la industria Virutex-ilko con estudiantes de último año de la carrera de Diseño Industrial de la Universidad del Bío-Bío. Esta herramienta facilitó, indudablemente, el proceso de selección y organización del estado del arte, permitiendo contrastar de manera inmediata las relaciones conceptuales y constructivas, sirviendo de medio para facilitar el proceso creativo, orientado a la innovación de productos. Una herramienta integradora que facilita la gestión del conocimiento, tanto para apoyar el proceso cognitivo y la toma de decisiones en torno al diseño así como de registro para complementar el proceso de comunicación con clientes. AbstractThis article will deal with the developing and implementation of a visual model that organizes and directs the technique state starting with the theoric definition of the product. A new conceptual map that allow us to test the art state through a new conceptual proposal of a product. This theoric proposal mentions and specifies the qualities and attributes of the product through the use of words. These are analized in a separated way, and also look for solutions and principles in the products, those that exist in the environment as well as in the market. These attributes are structured in different levels, from direct competition, (typology of the product with the same attribute) performance within the artificial world and then analogies in the natural world.This model simultaneously incorporates the methodologic approach of observation and the study of the art state in a visual tool which makes easier both, the organization and the data presentation. It is very useful as a record and as a diagram to make conscious the decisions and relations carried out during the creative process. In this way, this work tell us about the methodologic approach applied by the School of Design in Universidad del Bío-Bío, in which the model and the principal criterion of its structure were based. This is going to be exemplified through the study and develop of kitchen devices and accessories for Virutex-Ilko company by senior students. Unquestionably, this tool makes easier the selection and organization processes of the art state, allowing us to contrast immediately the conceptual and constructive relationships between the theoric and concrete attributes. The map directs the creative process throught the products innovation. An integrating tool that makes knowledge management easier, both to assist cognitive process and decision making regarding design, as well as for a record to complement communication process with customers

Delay in diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in critically ill patients and impact on clinical outcome

Background: Patients infected with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus requiring admission to the ICU remain an important source of mortality during the influenza season. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of a delay in diagnosis of community-acquired influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus infection on clinical outcome in critically ill patients admitted to the ICU. Methods: A prospective multicenter observational cohort study was based on data from the GETGAG/SEMICYUC registry (2009–2015) collected by 148 Spanish ICUs. All patients admitted to the ICU in which diagnosis of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus infection had been established within the first week of hospitalization were included. Patients were classified into two groups according to the time at which the diagnosis was made: early (within the first 2 days of hospital admission) and late (between the 3rd and 7th day of hospital admission). Factors associated with a delay in diagnosis were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results: In 2059 ICU patients diagnosed with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus infection within the first 7 days of hospitalization, the diagnosis was established early in 1314 (63.8 %) patients and late in the remaining 745 (36.2 %). Independent variables related to a late diagnosis were: age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.02, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.03, P < 0.001); first seasonal period (2009–2012) (OR = 2.08, 95 % CI 1.64–2.63, P < 0.001); days of hospital stay before ICU admission (OR = 1.26, 95 % CI 1.17–1.35, P < 0.001); mechanical ventilation (OR = 1.58, 95 % CI 1.17–2.13, P = 0.002); and continuous venovenous hemofiltration (OR = 1.54, 95 % CI 1.08–2.18, P = 0.016). The intra-ICU mortality was significantly higher among patients with late diagnosis as compared with early diagnosis (26.9 % vs 17.1 %, P < 0.001). Diagnostic delay was one independent risk factor for mortality (OR = 1.36, 95 % CI 1.03–1.81, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Late diagnosis of community-acquired influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus infection is associated with a delay in ICU admission, greater possibilities of respiratory and renal failure, and higher mortality rate. Delay in diagnosis of flu is an independent variable related to death