911 research outputs found
Seasonal contribution of terrestrial organic matter and biological oxygen demand to the Baltic Sea from three contrasting river catchments
To examine the potential influence of terrestrially derived DOM on the Baltic
Sea, a year-long study of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was performed in
three river catchments in Sweden. One catchment drains into the Bothnian Sea,
while two southern catchments drain into the Baltic proper. Dissolved organic
carbon (DOC) concentrations were positively correlated with discharge from
forested catchments over the year. While the overall concentrations of DOC
were several times higher in the southern two catchments, higher discharge in
the northern catchment resulted in the annual loadings of DOC being on the
same order of magnitude for all three catchments. Biological oxygen demand
(BOD) was used as a proxy for the lability of carbon in the system. The range
of BOD values was similar for all three catchments, however, the ratio of BOD
to DOC (an indication of the labile fraction) in Ume river was four times
higher than in the southern two catchments. Total annual BOD loading to the
Baltic Sea was twice as high in the northern catchment than in the two
southern catchments. Lower winter temperatures and preservation of organic
matter in the northern catchment combined with an intense spring flood help
to explain the higher concentrations of labile carbon in the northern
catchment. Lower lability of DOM as well as higher colour in the southern
catchments suggest that wetlands (i.e. peat bogs) may be the dominant source
of DOM in these catchments, particularly in periods of low flow. With climate
change expected to increase precipitation events and temperatures across the
region, the supply and quality of DOM delivered to the Baltic Sea can also be
expected to change. Our results indicate that DOM supply to the Baltic Sea
from boreal rivers will be more stable throughout the year, and potentially
have a lower bioavailability
The presence and potential impact of psychological safety in the healthcare setting: an evidence synthesis
Introduction: Psychological safety is the shared belief that the team is safe for interpersonal risk taking. Its presence improves innovation and error prevention. This evidence synthesis had 3 objectives: explore the current literature regarding psychological safety, identify methods used in its assessment and investigate for evidence of consequences of a psychologically safe environment. Methods: We searched multiple trial registries through December 2018. All studies addressing psychological safety within healthcare workers were included and reviewed for methodological limitations. A thematic analysis approach explored the presence of psychological safety. Content analysis was utilised to evaluate potential consequences. Results: We included 62 papers from 19 countries. The thematic analysis demonstrated high and low levels of psychological safety both at the individual level in study participants and across the studies themselves. There was heterogeneity in responses across all studies, limiting generalisable conclusions about the overall presence of psychological safety. A wide range of methods were used. Twenty-five used qualitative methodology, predominantly semi-structured interviews. Thirty quantitative or mixed method studies used surveys. Ten studies inferred that low psychological safety negatively impacted patient safety. Nine demonstrated a significant relationship between psychological safety and team outcomes. The thematic analysis allowed the development of concepts beyond the content of the original studies. This analytical process provided a wealth of information regarding facilitators and barriers to psychological safety and the development of a model demonstrating the influence of situational context. Discussion: This evidence synthesis highlights that whilst there is a positive and demonstrable presence of psychological safety within healthcare workers worldwide, there is room for improvement. The variability in methods used demonstrates scope to harmonise this. We draw attention to potential consequences of both high and low psychological safety. We provide novel information about the influence of situational context on an individualâs psychological safety and offer more detail about the facilitators and barriers to psychological safety than seen in previous reviews. There is a risk of participation bias - centres involved in safety research may be more aligned to these ideals. The data in this synthesis are useful for institutions looking to improve psychological safety by providing a framework from which modifiable factors can be identified
Multistage and transmission-blocking targeted antimalarials discovered from the open-source MMV Pandemic Response Box
Effects of wastewater treatment plant effluent inputs on planktonic metabolic rates and microbial community composition in the Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is the world's largest area suffering from
eutrophication-driven hypoxia. Low oxygen levels are threatening its
biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The main causes for
eutrophication-driven hypoxia are high nutrient loadings and global warming.
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) contribute to eutrophication as they are
important sources of nitrogen to coastal areas. Here, we evaluated the
effects of wastewater treatment plant effluent inputs on Baltic Sea
planktonic communities in four experiments. We tested for effects of effluent
inputs on chlorophyll <i>a</i> content, bacterial community composition, and
metabolic rates: gross primary production (GPP), net community production
(NCP), community respiration (CR) and bacterial production (BP).
Nitrogen-rich dissolved organic matter (DOM) inputs from effluents increased
bacterial production and decreased primary production and community
respiration. Nutrient amendments and seasonally variable environmental
conditions lead to lower alpha-diversity and shifts in bacterial community
composition (e.g. increased abundance of a few cyanobacterial populations in
the summer experiment), concomitant with changes in metabolic rates. An
increase in BP and decrease in CR could be caused by high lability of the
DOM that can support secondary bacterial production, without an increase in
respiration. Increases in bacterial production and simultaneous decreases of
primary production lead to more carbon being consumed in the microbial loop,
and may shift the ecosystem towards heterotrophy
A large-scale R-matrix calculation for electron-impact excitation of the Ne O-like ion
The five J levels within a or ground state complex provide
an excellent testing ground for the comparison of theoretical line ratios with
astrophysically observed values, in addition to providing valuable electron
temperature and density diagnostics. The low temperature nature of the line
ratios ensure that the theoretically derived values are sensitive to the
underlying atomic structure and electron-impact excitation rates. Previous
R-matrix calculations for the Ne O-like ion exhibit large spurious
structure in the cross sections at higher electron energies, which may affect
Maxwellian averaged rates even at low temperatures. Furthermore, there is an
absence of comprehensive excitation data between the excited states that may
provide newer diagnostics to compliment the more established lines discussed in
this paper. To resolve these issues, we present both a small scale 56-level
Breit-Pauli (BP) calculation and a large-scale 554 levels R-matrix Intermediate
Coupling Frame Transformation (ICFT) calculation that extends the scope and
validity of earlier JAJOM calculations both in terms of the atomic structure
and scattering cross sections. Our results provide a comprehensive
electron-impact excitation data set for all transitions to higher shells.
The fundamental atomic data for this O-like ion is subsequently used within a
collisional radiative framework to provide the line ratios across a range of
electron temperatures and densities of interest in astrophysical observations.Comment: 17 pages, 8 figure
K-shell photoionization of ground-state Li-like boron ions [B]: Experiment and Theory
Absolute cross sections for the K-shell photoionization of ground-state
Li-like boron [B(1s2s S)] ions were measured by employing the
ion-photon merged-beams technique at the Advanced Light Source synchrotron
radiation facility. The energy ranges 197.5--200.5 eV, 201.9--202.1 eV of the
[1s(2s\,2p)P]P and [1s(2s\,2p)P] P
resonances, respectively, were investigated using resolving powers of up to
17\,600. The energy range of the experiments was extended to about 238.2 eV
yielding energies of the most prominent
[1s(2\,n)]P resonances with an absolute accuracy
of the order of 130 ppm. The natural linewidths of the [1s(2s\,2p)P]
P and [1s(2s\,2p)P] P resonances were measured
to be meV and meV, respectively, which compare
favourably with theoretical results of 4.40 meV and 30.53 meV determined using
an intermediate coupling R-matrix method.Comment: 6 figures and 2 table
State-resolved valence shell photoionization of Be-like ions: experiment and theory
High-resolution photoionization experiments were carried out using beams of
Be-like C, N, and O ions with roughly equal populations of
the S ground-state and the P manifold of metastable components. The
energy scales of the experiments are calibrated with uncertainties of 1 to 10
meV depending on photon energy. Resolving powers beyond 20,000 were reached
allowing for the separation of contributions from the individual metastable
P, P, and P states. The measured data compare
favourably with semi-relativistic Breit-Pauli R-matrixComment: 23 figures and 3 table
Genetic Patterns in Peripheral Marine Populations of the Fusilier Fish Caesio Cuning Within the Kuroshio Current
Aim: Mayrâs centralâperipheral population model (CCPM) describes the marked differences between central and peripheral populations in genetic diversity, gene flow, and census size. When isolation leads to genetic divergence, these peripheral populations have high evolutionary value and can influence biogeographic patterns. In tropical marine species with pelagic larvae, powerful westernâboundary currents have great potential to shape the genetic characteristics of peripheral populations at latitudinal extremes. We tested for the genetic patterns expected by the CCPM in peripheral populations that are located within the Kuroshio Current for the IndoâPacific reef fish, Caesio cuning.
Methods: We used a panel of 2,677 SNPs generated from restriction siteâassociated DNA (RAD) sequencing to investigate genetic diversity, relatedness, effective population size, and spatial patterns of population connectivity from central to peripheral populations of C. cuning along the Kuroshio Current.
Results: Principal component and cluster analyses indicated a genetically distinct lineage at the periphery of the C. cuning species range and examination of SNPs putatively under divergent selection suggested potential for local adaptation in this region. We found signatures of isolationâbyâdistance and significant genetic differences between nearly all sites. Sites closest to the periphery exhibited increased withinâpopulation relatedness and decreased effective population size.
Main Conclusions: Despite the potential for homogenizing gene flow along the Kuroshio Current, peripheral populations in C. cuning conform to the predictions of the CCPM. While oceanography, habitat availability, and dispersal ability are all likely to shape the patterns found in C. cuning across this centralâperipheral junction, the impacts of genetic drift and natural selection in increasing smaller peripheral populations appear to be probable influences on the lineage divergence found in the Ryukyu Islands
K-shell photoionization of ground-state Li-like carbon ions [C]: experiment, theory and comparison with time-reversed photorecombination
Absolute cross sections for the K-shell photoionization of ground-state
Li-like carbon [C(1s2s S)] ions were measured by employing the
ion-photon merged-beams technique at the Advanced Light Source. The energy
ranges 299.8--300.15 eV, 303.29--303.58 eV and 335.61--337.57 eV of the
[1s(2s2p)P]P, [1s(2s2p)P]P and [(1s2s)S 3p]P
resonances, respectively, were investigated using resolving powers of up to
6000. The autoionization linewidth of the [1s(2s2p)P]P resonance was
measured to be meV and compares favourably with a theoretical result
of 26 meV obtained from the intermediate coupling R-Matrix method. The present
photoionization cross section results are compared with the outcome from
photorecombination measurements by employing the principle of detailed balance.Comment: 3 figures and 2 table
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