10 research outputs found
Control-aware Communication for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control
Utilizing vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technologies, vehicle
platooning systems are expected to realize a new paradigm of cooperative
driving with higher levels of traffic safety and efficiency. Connected and
Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) need to have proper awareness of the traffic
context. However, as the quantity of interconnected entities grows, the expense
of communication will become a significant factor. As a result, the cooperative
platoon's performance will be influenced by the communication strategy. While
maintaining desired levels of performance, periodic communication can be
relaxed to more flexible aperiodic or event-triggered implementations. In this
paper, we propose a control-aware communication solution for vehicle platoons.
The method uses a fully distributed control-aware communication strategy,
attempting to decrease the usage of communication resources while still
preserving the desired closed-loop performance characteristics. We then
leverage Model-Based Communication (MBC) to improve cooperative vehicle
perception in non-ideal communication and propose a solution that combines
control-aware communication with MBC for cooperative control of vehicle
platoons. Our approach achieves a significant reduction in the average
communication rate () while only slightly reducing control performance
(e.g., less than speed deviation). Through extensive simulations, we
demonstrate the benefits of combined control-aware communication with MBC for
cooperative control of vehicle platoons.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2203.1577
Performance Analysis of V2I Zone Activation and Scalability for C-V2X Transactional Services
Cellular-V2X (C-V2X) enables communication between vehicles and other
transportation entities over the 5.9GHz spectrum. C-V2X utilizes direct
communication mode for safety packet broadcasts (through the usage of periodic
basic safety messages) while leaving sufficient room in the resource pool for
advanced service applications. While many such ITS applications are under
development, it is crucial to identify and optimize the relevant network
parameters. In this paper, we envision an infrastructure-assisted transaction
procedure entirely carried out by C-V2X, and we optimize it in terms of the
service parameters. To achieve the service utility of a transaction class, two
C-V2X entities require a successive exchange of multiple messages. With this
notion, our proposed application prototype can be generalized for any vehicular
service to establish connections on-the-fly. We identify suitable activation
zones for vehicles and assess their impact on service efficiency. The results
show a variety of potential service and parameter settings that can be
appropriate for different use-cases, laying the foundation for subsequent
studies
Augmented Driver Behavior Models for High-Fidelity Simulation Study of Crash Detection Algorithms
Developing safety and efficiency applications for Connected and Automated
Vehicles (CAVs) require a great deal of testing and evaluation. The need for
the operation of these systems in critical and dangerous situations makes the
burden of their evaluation very costly, possibly dangerous, and time-consuming.
As an alternative, researchers attempt to study and evaluate their algorithms
and designs using simulation platforms. Modeling the behavior of drivers or
human operators in CAVs or other vehicles interacting with them is one of the
main challenges of such simulations. While developing a perfect model for human
behavior is a challenging task and an open problem, we present a significant
augmentation of the current models used in simulators for driver behavior. In
this paper, we present a simulation platform for a hybrid transportation system
that includes both human-driven and automated vehicles. In addition, we
decompose the human driving task and offer a modular approach to simulating a
large-scale traffic scenario, allowing for a thorough investigation of
automated and active safety systems. Such representation through Interconnected
modules offers a human-interpretable system that can be tuned to represent
different classes of drivers. Additionally, we analyze a large driving dataset
to extract expressive parameters that would best describe different driving
characteristics. Finally, we recreate a similarly dense traffic scenario within
our simulator and conduct a thorough analysis of various human-specific and
system-specific factors, studying their effect on traffic network performance
and safety
Learning-based social coordination to improve safety and robustness of cooperative autonomous vehicles in mixed traffic
It is expected that autonomous vehicles(AVs) and heterogeneous human-driven
vehicles(HVs) will coexist on the same road. The safety and reliability of AVs
will depend on their social awareness and their ability to engage in complex
social interactions in a socially accepted manner. However, AVs are still
inefficient in terms of cooperating with HVs and struggle to understand and
adapt to human behavior, which is particularly challenging in mixed autonomy.
In a road shared by AVs and HVs, the social preferences or individual traits of
HVs are unknown to the AVs and different from AVs, which are expected to follow
a policy, HVs are particularly difficult to forecast since they do not
necessarily follow a stationary policy. To address these challenges, we frame
the mixed-autonomy problem as a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL)
problem and propose an approach that allows AVs to learn the decision-making of
HVs implicitly from experience, account for all vehicles' interests, and safely
adapt to other traffic situations. In contrast with existing works, we quantify
AVs' social preferences and propose a distributed reward structure that
introduces altruism into their decision-making process, allowing the altruistic
AVs to learn to establish coalitions and influence the behavior of HVs.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2202.0088
Prediction-aware and Reinforcement Learning based Altruistic Cooperative Driving
Autonomous vehicle (AV) navigation in the presence of Human-driven vehicles
(HVs) is challenging, as HVs continuously update their policies in response to
AVs. In order to navigate safely in the presence of complex AV-HV social
interactions, the AVs must learn to predict these changes. Humans are capable
of navigating such challenging social interaction settings because of their
intrinsic knowledge about other agents behaviors and use that to forecast what
might happen in the future. Inspired by humans, we provide our AVs the
capability of anticipating future states and leveraging prediction in a
cooperative reinforcement learning (RL) decision-making framework, to improve
safety and robustness. In this paper, we propose an integration of two
essential and earlier-presented components of AVs: social navigation and
prediction. We formulate the AV decision-making process as a RL problem and
seek to obtain optimal policies that produce socially beneficial results
utilizing a prediction-aware planning and social-aware optimization RL
framework. We also propose a Hybrid Predictive Network (HPN) that anticipates
future observations. The HPN is used in a multi-step prediction chain to
compute a window of predicted future observations to be used by the value
function network (VFN). Finally, a safe VFN is trained to optimize a social
utility using a sequence of previous and predicted observations, and a safety
prioritizer is used to leverage the interpretable kinematic predictions to mask
the unsafe actions, constraining the RL policy. We compare our prediction-aware
AV to state-of-the-art solutions and demonstrate performance improvements in
terms of efficiency and safety in multiple simulated scenarios
Context-Aware Target Classification with Hybrid Gaussian Process prediction for Cooperative Vehicle Safety systems
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication has been proposed as a potential
solution to improve the robustness and safety of autonomous vehicles by
improving coordination and removing the barrier of non-line-of-sight sensing.
Cooperative Vehicle Safety (CVS) applications are tightly dependent on the
reliability of the underneath data system, which can suffer from loss of
information due to the inherent issues of their different components, such as
sensors failures or the poor performance of V2X technologies under dense
communication channel load. Particularly, information loss affects the target
classification module and, subsequently, the safety application performance. To
enable reliable and robust CVS systems that mitigate the effect of information
loss, we proposed a Context-Aware Target Classification (CA-TC) module coupled
with a hybrid learning-based predictive modeling technique for CVS systems. The
CA-TC consists of two modules: A Context-Aware Map (CAM), and a Hybrid Gaussian
Process (HGP) prediction system. Consequently, the vehicle safety applications
use the information from the CA-TC, making them more robust and reliable. The
CAM leverages vehicles path history, road geometry, tracking, and prediction;
and the HGP is utilized to provide accurate vehicles' trajectory predictions to
compensate for data loss (due to communication congestion) or sensor
measurements' inaccuracies. Based on offline real-world data, we learn a finite
bank of driver models that represent the joint dynamics of the vehicle and the
drivers' behavior. We combine offline training and online model updates with
on-the-fly forecasting to account for new possible driver behaviors. Finally,
our framework is validated using simulation and realistic driving scenarios to
confirm its potential in enhancing the robustness and reliability of CVS
systems
Predictive Model-Based and Control-Aware Communication Strategies for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control
Utilizing Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technologies, vehicle platooning systems are expected to realize a new paradigm of cooperative driving with higher levels of traffic safety and efficiency. Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) need to have proper awareness of the traffic context. The cooperative platoon’s performance will be influenced by the communication strategy. In particular, time-triggered or event-triggered are of interest here. The expenses related to communication will increase significantly as the number of connected entities increases. Periodic communication can be relaxed to more flexible aperiodic or event-triggered implementations while maintaining desired levels of performance. This paper proposes a predictive model-based and control-aware communication solution for vehicle platoons. The method uses a fully distributed Event-Triggered Communication (ETC) strategy combined with Model-Based Communication (MBC) and aims to minimize communication resource usage while preserving desired closed-loop performance characteristics. In our method, each vehicle runs a remote vehicle state estimator based on the most recently communicated model and the event-driven communication scheme only updates the model when the performance metric error exceeds a certain threshold. Our approach achieves a significant reduction in the average communication rate (82%) while only slightly reducing control performance (e.g., less than 1% speed deviation)
High-Definition Map Representation Techniques for Automated Vehicles
Many studies in the field of robot navigation have focused on environment representation and localization. The goal of map representation is to summarize spatial information in topological and geometrical abstracts. By providing strong priors, maps improve the performance and reliability of automated robots. Due to the transition to fully automated driving in recent years, there has been a constant effort to design methods and technologies to improve the precision of road participants and the environment’s information. Among these efforts is the high-definition (HD) map concept. Making HD maps requires accuracy, completeness, verifiability, and extensibility. Because of the complexity of HD mapping, it is currently expensive and difficult to implement, particularly in an urban environment. In an urban traffic system, the road model is at least a map with sets of roads, lanes, and lane markers. While more research is being dedicated to mapping and localization, a comprehensive review of the various types of map representation is still required. This paper presents a brief overview of map representation, followed by a detailed literature review of HD maps for automated vehicles. The current state of autonomous vehicle (AV) mapping is encouraging, the field has matured to a point where detailed maps of complex environments are built in real time and have been proved useful. Many existing techniques are robust to noise and can cope with a large range of environments. Nevertheless, there are still open problems for future research. AV mapping will continue to be a highly active research area essential to the goal of achieving full autonomy