Viruria of Human BK Virus and John Cunningham Virus among Renal Transplant Recipients and Healthy Control in Southeast of Caspian Sea

Background: Members of the Polyomaviridae family, BK virus (BKV), and John Cunningham virus (JCV) are linked to polyomavirus-Associated nephropathy-Associated transplant rejection in immunodeficient patients. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of BKV and JCV in immunocompetent individuals in the north of Iran. Methods: Ninety-one urine samples were obtained from renal transplant recipients with a mean age of 39.78 ± 11.19 years. A healthy control group of 65 volunteers with an average age of 40.32 ± 10.7 years also contributed. After DNA extraction, positive cases were detected through PCR. Genotyping was done by alignment and phylogenetic tree construction of the VP1 region against all known JCV and BKV genotypes. Results: The prevalence of BKV and JCV was 15.38 and 19.78, respectively. JCV was detected in 7.69 of the control group. The prevalence of the BKV between the case and control groups was significant (p 0.05). Overall, 62.16 of JCV cases were genotype I. Besides, genotype II was dominant within patients with BKV-positive patients. Discussion: The results obtained here show a relatively lower prevalence of BKV and JCV in immunocompromised renal transplant receivers and healthy control than those reported from other areas in Iran. JCV genotyping was evaluated for the first time in Iran. Genotype I for JCV and genotype II for BKV were dominant genotypes in the north of Iran. © 2021 BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved

The Features of Pathobiology and Clinical translation of Approved treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the most important etiological agent of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with millions of infections and deaths in the last two years worldwide. Several reasons and parameters are responsible for the difficult management of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients; the first is virus behavioral factors such as high transmission rate, and the different molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis remain a matter of controversy, is another factor. Summary: In the present review, we attempted to explain about features of SARS-COV-2, particularly focusing on the various aspects of pathogenesis and treatment strategies. Key Messages: We note evidence for the understanding of the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, which can help design the appropriate drug or vaccine. Additionally, and importantly, we reported the updated issues associated with the history and development of treatment strategies such as, drugs, vaccines, and other medications that have been approved or under consideration in clinics and markets worldwide. © 2021 The Author(s)

Features of Pathobiology and Clinical Translation of Approved Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the most important etiological agent of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with millions of infections and deaths in the last 2 years worldwide. Several reasons and parameters are responsible for the difficult management of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients; the first is virus behavioral factors such as high transmission rate, and the different molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis remain a matter of controversy, which is another factor. Summary: In the present review, we attempted to explain about features of SARS-COV-2, particularly focusing on the various aspects of pathogenesis and treatment strategies. Key Messages: We note evidence for the understanding of the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, which can help design the appropriate drug or vaccine. Additionally, and importantly, we reported the updated issues associated with the history and development of treatment strategies such as, drugs, vaccines, and other medications that have been approved or under consideration in clinics and markets worldwide. © 202

Case Report: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Cerebrospinal Fluid in a 34-Month-Old Child With Encephalitis

Novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2: SARS-CoV-2), which arose from Wuhan, China, has rapidly spread to other countries and developed into a pandemic. Although the respiratory manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 are well-documented, there is a considerable challenge regarding the direct and/or indirect infection in other organs. Several preliminary reports confirmed neurological manifestations in the SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Here, we report the detection of SARS-CoV-2 from the nasopharyngeal swab and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a 34-month-old child with encephalitis. This finding expands the spectrum of the neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. © Copyright © 2021 Cheraghali, Tahamtan, Hosseini, Gharib, Moradi, Razavi Nikoo and Tabarraei

Genotyping and sequence characterization of the NSP4 gene of human group A rotavirus strains in Northern Iran

Rotavirus is known to be responsible for remarkable numbers of severe diarrheal episodes and even death in infants and young children. In this study, we aimed to survey genetic diversity and variation analysis of viroporin, which is encoded by the rotavirus NSP4 segment. Thirty-five rotavirus-positive specimens were obtained, and RNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction amplification were performed. After the sequencing process, four specimens were excluded, and the final 31 samples remained for genetic diversity and variation analysis. The predominant single G/P combination was G1P8 (~78%), followed by G2P8 (~13%), and equal percentages (3%) of G2P4, G3P8, and G-non-typeable-P8. Further analyses revealed that variations could be found in the three regions of NSP4, including VP4 binding site (aa 112�146), double-layered particle binding site (aa 161�175), and finally, in the predicted amphipathic alpha-helix. Phylogenic tree analysis demonstrated that the mentioned samples clustered with genotype E1 and E2 reference sequences. As previously reported in the literature, in this study, it was revealed that no apparent correlation exists in the deduced amino acid sequences corresponding to this region between the rotaviruses collected from patients with and without diarrhea. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LL