Qualitative and quantitative phenolic compounds analysis of dicranopteris linearis different fractional polarities leaves extract

Dicranopteris linearis occupies in an open ground that contains poor soils and often colonizing disturbed space that partly shaded area. It has been known for various traditional values including medicinal, edible food, soil erosion protection, pen and furniture. Even though the plants possess both economic and medicinal value, they still form the neglected group of a plant. The present study was carried out to characterize the phenolic compounds in D. linearis leaves extract in different fractional polarities qualitative and quantitatively. Dried leaves of D. linearis were successfully extracted by using water extraction before separated by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions. All the fractional extracts have been analysed by using GCTOF-MS and HPLC. The result from GCTOF-MS analysis of fractional extracts showed 38 compounds found in petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts. However, only four phenolic compounds were identified through HPLC analysis in ethyl acetate and butanol extracts which were 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, Vanillin, 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-Hydroxybenzohydrazide. The results revealed that D. linearis contained 699.83 ± 6.26 μg GAE /g DW of total phenolic acid whereas individual phenolic acids were predominantly caffeic acid (0.44 ± 0.01 μg/g DW) and ferulic acid (0.22 ± 0.00 μg/g DW) in ethyl acetate and caffeic acid (0.10 ± 0.00 μg/g DW) and 2-Coumaric acid (0.44 ± 0.00 μg/g DW) in butanol extracts. In the present study, the plant extracts demonstrated the highest phenolic compound detected in ethyl acetate and butanol compared to petroleum ether extract

Characterisation of allelochemical compounds in Rhizophora apiculata and Acrostichum aureum of mangrove forest species

Rhizophora apiculata and Acrostichum aureum are a common mangrove species in Malaysia. Allelochemical interaction of the mangrove species was speculated to play an important role in the dominance in a harsh environment. This study assessed the quantitative and qualitative determination for total phenolic content and individual phenolic compounds as allelochemical content for R. apiculata and A. aureum leaves as potential allelopathic substance and evaluation of the ecological role of the substance. Two types of maceration extraction; water extraction and sequential alkaline extract were used for allelochemical screening analysis. Both extractions were separated by different solvents polarity; hexane, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol, and ethanol. A. aureum had the highest total phenolic contents (1129.52 GAE/g DW) as compared to R. apiculata. Meanwhile, the highest phenolic compound was detected in ethanol separation for A. aureum at 2176.83 ug/g DW as caffeic acid followed by vanillic acid, ferulic acid,4-hydroxybenzoic acid, trans-p coumaric acid, 2-coumaric acid and 3-coumaric acid respectively. Interestingly, only A. aureum was identified with seven phenolic compounds in sequential alkaline extraction. Therefore, A. aureum may work as an allelochemical producer and can contribute to the establishment of pure colonies of A. aureum in the mangrove ecosystem

The use of Malay cultural ethnobotany as natural colourants in eco-friendly dyeing G

Since ancient times, natural dyes have been used for the colouration of food products, cosmetics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. The current ‘back to nature’ trend has served to raise the value and popularity of natural-plant-based dyes. The benefits that come with the use of natural and organic products include that they are environmentally friendly, sustainable, and safe to use. The health and environmental benefits as well as practicality of natural dyes render them significantly more advantageous than synthetic colourants. In the food industry, natural colourants are used to enhance the appearance of products, provide consistent colour, and replace synthetic colourants, which may have adverse health effects. In terms of the cosmetics industry, in order to avoid the harmful effects of harsh chemicals associated with synthetic colourants, natural colourants are preferred for the creation of shades of makeup, hair dyes, and personal care products. Natural colourants are used in the pharmaceutical industry to colour medications so that they are more easily identified and differentiated. In the context of the textile industry, natural colourants are used for the creation of environmentally friendly clothing dyes. This paper explores the various plant-based pigments that the Malay community uses as natural dye colourants. Annatto (Bixa orellana), henna (Lawsonia enermis), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), betel nut (Areca catechu), red pitaya (Hylocereus polyhizus), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea), and sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan) are some of the many plants from which natural colourants can be derived. Generally, the choice of natural colourants over synthetic colourants contributes towards the well-being of the environment and human health

Phytoremediation model system for aquaculture wastewater using glossostigma elatinoides and hemianthus callitrichoides

The aquaculture industry has made a great contribution towards economic development of Malaysia.However, the large volume of water consumption and the wastewater discharged into the water source caused a significant environmental problem that must be controlled properly. For instance, aquaculture waste may decrease dissolved oxygen level and load high nutrient and inorganic contaminants which subsequently would cause water deterioration. Thus, to ensure the effectiveness of aquaculture practices, the suitable wastewater management approach should be acquainted. Phytoremediation, which are the application of plant-based technologies, are beginning to be accepted as sustainable and green solutions for this issue. Therefore, this research aims to explore ecological approach by developing phytoremediation model system in order to remediate inorganic pollutants produced by aquaculture industry. In this paper, the efficiency of potential aquatic plants which are Glossostigma elatinoides and Hemianthus callitrichoides to sequester cadmium and copper were investigated. To achieve this, water sample in several ponds of selected aquaculture area in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia was collected and analyzed in order to identify inorganic contaminants type and concentration. As a result, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc were among the contaminants found in the water pond. As a result phytoremediation model system was developed using two selected submerge aquatic plant species for three different concentrations (low, medium and high) of cadmium and copper. This model system was run over three different periods of time, which are week 1, week 2, and week 3. The findings of this research suggested that the capability to sequester different concentration of heavy metals for certain periods of time were varied between different species. The expected outcome of this research is to introduce cost- effective and eco-friendly technology to cater environmental pollution. Hence, having the thorough study on the effectiveness of this technology might contribute towards sustainable aquaculture practices in terms of ecological, economical, and social benefits

Response of Lemna Minor and salvinia natans as bio-sequester and removal agents toward Fe, Cu and Zn toxicities through in vivo model system

A lack of macrophytes in aquatic ecosystem may suggest a reduced population of wildlife whereas the absence of macrophytes may indicate problems in water quality. However an overabundance of macrophytes may due to excessive nutrients, organic or heavy metals interference. Aquatic macrophytes are well known as a good accumulator for heavy metals in phyto-technologies approach since the last decades. Therefore this study aimed to assess heavy metals sequestration rate of Lemna minor and Salvinia natans at three different concentrations ranging from low, medium and high (1 mglˉ¹, 2 mglˉ¹ and 5 mglˉ¹) of three types of heavy metal (Cu, Fe and Zn) at four different period of time (week 1 until week 4) through in vivo model system. The results established that there were significantdifferences between the sequestration rate of both species.S. natans ability and resistance over 3 types of heavy metal toxicity were much more higher and stable compared to L. minor and the capability of both species were varied and depending on the plant tolerance or resistance mechanism itself. Thus, the high correlation between metal removal in water and aquatic plant species indicates that those plants can effectively use for the removal of heavy metals from polluted or contaminated aquatic ecosystem of different concentrations

Landscape plantarum in Islamic built environment

This book is an attempt to compile information theories and clear illustration on trees which is almost 100 species of trees with different families. It highlights the trees anatomy, texture, characteristics, color and structure as well as explains of trees behavior. The preparation of the book grew out of the need to elaborate to the students about plant materials and selection. Most of these students will use it as a text book especially in landscape architecture field. Other background who will benefits from this book include an architect, planner, owner of nursery, researcher and public people in understanding deeply about trees characteristics and behavior. There is no doubt that even people with some basic of knowledge about trees will be able to make use this book as guide in landscape design project and identification of trees on nursery before transfer to site project

Natural essence of Malay poison from Melaleuca cajuputi as potential natural herbicide and microbes inhibitor

Poisoning is an art that Malays are well skilled at and recognized for. Numerous poisons are utilized differently; also, most characteristics relating to intoxication, poisoning, or therapeutic use are directly dependent on the origin of the substance such as animals or plants. Melaleuca cajuputi (gelam) belongs to the Myrtaceae family, and the Malay population has traditionally used it for several functions and reasons. Nevertheless, its natural essence has not been deeply researched; hence, this work aimed to assess the chemical characteristics of M. cajuputi and evaluate their impact on microbial processes and weed development. The observations indicated that three primary phenolic acids (Vanillic acid, Ferulic acid, and Caffeic acid), including one volatile substance, were identified, indicating a total phenolic content of 493.92±6.88 μg GAE/g DW. Extracts from M. cajuputi leaves inhibited aquatic weed activity against Rotala rotundifolia and Glossostigma elatinoides; treatment levels were between 10 and 50 g/L. Similarly, there were inhibitory observations against microbes like Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermis. Hence, these observations are vital since it is the foundational study concerning the use of poisonous Malay plant species as antimicrobials and natural herbicides in Malaysi

Azadirachta Indica (Semambu) in Traditional Malay Medical manuscripts and assessment of bioactive compounds

Azadirachta indica (neem) is an Asia native plant from Meliaceae family, which has been recognized for its pharmaceutical potential for ages and contain numerous bioactive phytochemicals with therapeutic potential. This research aims to examine the ethnomedicinal plants that have been recorded in transliterated manuscripts and to discover the bioactive compounds. For methodology, secondary data were obtained from five selected Malay medical books. The experimental design involved two extraction methods, namely water extraction and sequential alkaline extraction. The data was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by Total Phenolic Content (TPC), and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The findings from the Malay medical manuscript indicate that most diseases were physical illnesses. The total phenolic content of A. indica was 779.89 ± 12.32 μg GAE/g DW, and the phenolic acids detected by HPLC in both extractions were Vanillic acid, trans-p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that A. indica has a huge potential for further exploration in pharmaceuticals

A study on an active functional group and antimicrobial properties from rhizophora apiculata extracts used in traditional Malay as medicine

A mangrove plant known as Rhizophora apiculata is employed by Malay for treating skin diseases, diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea, as an antiseptic, for tanning, and also as fuelwood and fodder. Its large-scale use can be attributed to its high-quality timber, availability as well and the presence of a chemical named tannin that is employed for reinforcing fishing lines, nets, and ropes. The tannin content of R. apiculata's roots, bark, and leaves is regarded to be a natural inhibitor of fungal infections. This study is focused on determining the different kinds of functional groups, as well as individual phenolic compounds present in R. apiculata for identifying new bioactive compounds via decoding of the traditional values of Malay remedies. There is a high demand for such natural bioactive compounds, particularly in the healthcare and pharmaceutical markets. Alkaline fractional extracts were employed to design an analytical extraction method for R. apiculata. As per the HPLC results, there were three phenolic acids detected namely Caffeic acid, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, and Vanillic acid. Meanwhile, ten volatile compounds were identified by the GCTOF-MS. With regards to antibacterial activity, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli were inhibited by R. apiculata leaf extract, while C. albicans and Fusarium sp. were inhibited by their antifungal activity

Aquatic plants as ecological indicators -status and indices of unhealthy sandy soil water bodies

Inorganic contaminants and eutrophication are typically associated with the profusion of invasive aquatic vegetation in freshwater. Such extensive problems concerning water bodies are triggered due to excess levels of phosphate (P), nitrogen (N), and heavy metals. Superfluous nutrient levels and toxic elements can create adverse environmental conditions, eutrophication, algal blooms, invasive growth of several aquatic plants, oxygen level depletion, and loss of important species, reducing the quality of several freshwater systems. Numerous physicochemical and biological indicators are used to gauge water quality. Such parameters must be understood and managed carefully to determine the origin and degree of pollution load. Hence, this research was conducted to understand the correlation between contamination levels and physicochemical indicators for water bodies with sandy soils and extensive aquatic plants. This research presents an important outcome concerning the loss or profusion of critical species that indicate heavy metal contamination or eutrophication, including concentrations leading to deteriorating sandy soil water body regulation and management. The following are desirable aspects concerning the conditions that must be used as indicators: preventative, measurable, integrative, and sensitive to human-caused stress or interference; however, they must have a predictable stress response and low flexibility reaction