FORESTLAND OWNERSHIP IN ONEIDA AND VILAS COUNTIES, WISCONSIN, 1975-1994

Privately owned forests in the United States are being divided, roaded, and developed by increasing numbers of second-home buyers, retirees, and recreation enthusiasts. Forested parcels adjacent to or embedded in public land are considered especially desirable and a premium is being paid for the aesthetic or recreational amenities associated with such properties. However, virtually all information on variations in forestland prices in northern Wisconsin is anecdotal. One objective of this study was to identify parcel characteristics that influenced forestland prices in Vilas and Oneida counties, Wisconsin, between 1975 and 1994. A second objective was to ascertain what impact the creation and expansion of the Northern Highland-American Legion State Forest (NHALSF) had on the forestland market in Vilas and Oneida counties during this time period. Several trends suggest that the drive to acquire forestland for the construction of second homes in Vilas and Oneida counties is strong and that the NHALSF continues to impact forestland prices. Forestland in Vilas and Oneida counties was shown to react to macroeconomic forces as if it were a luxury good (that is, declining sales during a recession, increasing sales during an economic upturn) and not simply a timber resource. Positive relationships were identified between the per-acre price of forestland, the presence of highway frontage, and parcel size for the years 1975, 1980, and 1990. Forested parcels adjacent to the NHALSF were shown to have higher per-acre prices than parcels without frontage on the NHALSF. The acquisition of land by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) to expand the NHALSF has continued in recent decades, taking large quantities of land off the "open market." The reduced supply of available parcels in and near the NHALSF, as well as the highly desirable nature of owning forestland with frontage on public land, has caused the price of the remaining privately owned forestland in Vilas and Oneida counties to increase faster than similar forestland in other northern counties of Wisconsin.Forests and forestry--Wisconsin--Oneida County, Forests and forestry--Wisconsin-- Vilas County, Forest landowners--Wisconsin, Real property--Wisconsin, Real property--Prices--Wisconsin, Land prices--United States--Wisconsin, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

SEEDS STORED IN THE FOREST FLOOR IN A NATURAL STAND OF Pinus montezumae Lamb

ABSTRACT Seed banks have been studied to a greater extent in agriculture than in forestry due to long-standing concerns about the threat to agricultural crops posed by weed species. However, in forest areas seed banks have an important influence on plant succession since the vegetation that colonizes a space after a major disturbance will arise at least partly from them. Knowledge about this condition can help land managers to prescribe site treatments that produce desired vegetation from the perspectives of wildlife habitat, reduced plant competition with crop tree species, and related management concerns. The variability of the soil seed bank of a Pinus montezumae forest was assessed using seedling-emergence method for soil samples. The number of species and seedling abundance were evaluated by sampling four plots in a natural regeneration area. A total of 43 species were recorded in the seed bank (2 trees, 17 shrubs, 1 grass and 23 herbs). Viable seeds of most species were contained in similar abundance in the humus and mineral soil layers. Dominant species in the stand (P. montezumae) and codominant species (P. ayacahuite, Abies religiosa, and Alnus firmifolia) were poorly represented in the soil seed bank which was dominated by seeds of an array of annual and perennial herbs. Regeneration of commercial species under any silvicultural method must come from current seed production, or seed produced off site, but not from the soil seed bank. RESUMEN Los bancos de semillas han sido estudiados más en la agricultura que en el área forestal debido a la preocupación sobre el peligro de que los cultivos sean dominados por malas hierbas. Tienen una gran influencia en la sucesión vegetal que coloniza un área después de un disturbio. El conocimiento sobre bancos de semillas en el suelo puede ayudar a prescribir los tratamientos que propicien condiciones de vegetación deseadas desde la perspectiva de hábitat de fauna silvestre, reducción de competencia con especies de importancia y otros problemas relacionados con el manejo forestal. La variación del banco de semillas en el suelo de un bosque de Pinus montezumae fue evaluado por medio del método de emergencia en muestras de suelo; se determinó la abundancia y el número de taxa mediante el muestreo en cuatro parcelas en un área de regeneración natural. Los resultados indican 43 especies (dos de árboles, 17 de arbustos, una de pasto y 23 de hierbas). La abundancia de semillas viables fue similar para la mayoría de ellas en la capa de humus y suelo mineral; en tanto que las dominantes del rodal (P. montezumae) y codominantes (P. ayacahuite, Abies religiosa y Alnus firmifolia), no estuvieron presentes en el banco, en el cual dominaron herbáceas anuales y perennes. La regeneración de las especies comerciales para este tipo de bosque, bajo cualquier método silvícola, debe provenir de semilla producida en el año in situ o de áreas aledañas, pero no del banco de semillas. Palabras clave: Abies religiosa, Alnus firmifolia, regeneración natural, Pinus montezumae Lamb., plántula, banco de semillas en el suelo

Forestland ownership in Oneida and Vilas Counties, Wisconsin, 1975-1994

iv, 15 p.Privately owned forests in the United States are being divided, roaded, and developed by increasing numbers of second-home buyers, retirees, and recreation enthusiasts. Forested parcels adjacent to or embedded in public land are considered especially desirable and a premium is being paid for the aesthetic or recreational amenities associated with such properties. However, virtually all information on variations in forestland prices in northern Wisconsin is anecdotal. One objective of this study was to identify parcel characteristics that influenced forestland prices in Vilas and Oneida counties, Wisconsin, between 1975 and 1994. A second objective was to ascertain what impact the creation and expansion of the Northern Highland-American Legion State Forest (NHALSF) had on the forestland market in Vilas and Oneida counties during this time period. Several trends suggest that the drive to acquire forestland for the construction of second homes in Vilas and Oneida counties is strong and that the NHALSF continues to impact forestland prices. Forestland in Vilas and Oneida counties was shown to react to macroeconomic forces as if it were a luxury good (that is, declining sales during a recession, increasing sales during an economic upturn) and not simply a timber resource. Positive relationships were identified between the per-acre price of forestland, the presence of highway frontage, and parcel size for the years 1975, 1980, and 1990. Forested parcels adjacent to the NHALSF were shown to have higher per-acre prices than parcels without frontage on the NHALSF. The acquisition of land by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) to expand the NHALSF has continued in recent decades, taking large quantities of land off the "open market." The reduced supply of available parcels in and near the NHALSF, as well as the highly desirable nature of owning forestland with frontage on public land, has caused the price of the remaining privately owned forestland in Vilas and Oneida counties to increase faster than similar forestland in other northern counties of Wisconsin

FORESTLAND OWNERSHIP IN ONEIDA AND VILAS COUNTIES, WISCONSIN, 1975-1994

Privately owned forests in the United States are being divided, roaded, and developed by increasing numbers of second-home buyers, retirees, and recreation enthusiasts. Forested parcels adjacent to or embedded in public land are considered especially desirable and a premium is being paid for the aesthetic or recreational amenities associated with such properties. However, virtually all information on variations in forestland prices in northern Wisconsin is anecdotal. One objective of this study was to identify parcel characteristics that influenced forestland prices in Vilas and Oneida counties, Wisconsin, between 1975 and 1994. A second objective was to ascertain what impact the creation and expansion of the Northern Highland-American Legion State Forest (NHALSF) had on the forestland market in Vilas and Oneida counties during this time period. Several trends suggest that the drive to acquire forestland for the construction of second homes in Vilas and Oneida counties is strong and that the NHALSF continues to impact forestland prices. Forestland in Vilas and Oneida counties was shown to react to macroeconomic forces as if it were a luxury good (that is, declining sales during a recession, increasing sales during an economic upturn) and not simply a timber resource. Positive relationships were identified between the per-acre price of forestland, the presence of highway frontage, and parcel size for the years 1975, 1980, and 1990. Forested parcels adjacent to the NHALSF were shown to have higher per-acre prices than parcels without frontage on the NHALSF. The acquisition of land by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) to expand the NHALSF has continued in recent decades, taking large quantities of land off the "open market." The reduced supply of available parcels in and near the NHALSF, as well as the highly desirable nature of owning forestland with frontage on public land, has caused the price of the remaining privately owned forestland in Vilas and Oneida counties to increase faster than similar forestland in other northern counties of Wisconsin

Proposition for a multi-step mutation detection in haemophilia A

E.S. Mori, D. Martins, E.D. Velini, C.L. Marino, C.F. Gouvea, S.M.M. Leite, E. Camacho Palomino, and R.P. Curies. 2012. Genetic diversity in Egeria densa and E. najas in Jupia Reservoir, Brazil. Cien. Inv. Agr. 39(2):321-330. The aquatic plant species Egeria densa (Planch.) Casp and E. najas Planchon occur naturally in the Parana River Basin of southeastern Brazil. Hydroelectric dam construction in the river basin has created several lakes, changing the ecology of the river and altering the population ecology of Egeria. Large, dense populations of Egeria now grow in Jupia Lake and its tributaries, occasionally blocking hydroelectric turbines. This study is part of a larger project examining environmental changes associated with large dam projects; the research objective of this study was to assess patterns of genetic diversity in Egeria populations growing in Jupia and Tres Irmaos Lakes and their Parana River tributaries using genetic markers. Forty-two plants of E. najas and 46 of E. densa (for a total of 88 samples) were collected from 13 sites. Genotypes were identified by isoenzymes and Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA RAPD markers. Using a genetic distance dendrogram we grouped all E. densa plants into one set and all E. najas plants into another set. The plant sample 8a, which presented intermediary morphological characteristics of both species, also presented intermediary genetic characteristics, indicating the possibility that gene introgression between these Egeria species may occur. The creation of Tres Irmaos Lake appears to have increased some measures of genetic diversity in Egeria populations by facilitating outcrossing among previously semi-isolated genotypes. Increased migration of large numbers of seeds and vegetative branches of E. densa and E. najas into Jupia Lake and its tributaries can account for most of the changes in patterning of genetic diversity observed in these populations of Egeria.Las especies acuáticas de Egeria densa y E. najas ocurren naturalmente en la Cuenca del Río Paraná, sudeste del Brasil. La construcción de una represa hidroeléctrica en la cuenca de este río, creó varios lagos, cambiando la ecología del río y alterando la populación ecológica de Egeria. Grandes y densas poblaciones de Egeria crecen hoy en día en el lago de Jupiá y sus afluentes, bloqueando de vez en cuando las turbinas de la hidroeléctrica. Como parte de un estudio de cambios ambientales, asociados a grandes proyectos de represas, fueron usados marcadores moleculares para determinar patrones de diversidad genética en las poblaciones de Egeria que crecen en los lagos de Jupiá, Três Irmãos y sus afluentes del Río Paraná. En un total de 13 sitios, fueran colectadas 42 plantas de E. najas y 46 de E. densa, que suman un total de 88 muestras. Los genotipos fueron identificados por marcadores de isoenzimas y RAPD. A través de dendrogramas de distancia genética se agruparon por separado todas las plantas de E. densa y de E. najas. La muestra 8a presentó plantas con características morfológicas e genéticas intermediarias de ambas las especies, indicando haber posibilidades de introgresión de genes entre ambas las especies de Egeria. La creación del lago de Três Irmãos parece haber aumentado, en alguna medida, la diversidad genética de las populaciones de Egeria por la facilidad de cruzamientos entre genotipos, hasta entonces semi-aislados. La migración creciente de grandes cantidades de semillas y de partes vegetativas de Egeria densa y Egeria najas dentro del Lago Jupiá y sus afluentes, pueden explicar los cambios observados en los patrones de diversidad genética en estas populaciones de Egeria.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Genetic diversity in Egeria densa and E. najas in Jupiá Reservoir, Brazil

The aquatic plant species Egeria densa (Planch.) Casp and E. najas Planchon occur naturally in the Paraná River Basin of southeastern Brazil. Hydroelectric dam construction in the river basin has created several lakes, changing the ecology of the river and altering the population ecology of Egeria. Large, dense populations of Egeria now grow in Jupiá Lake and its tributaries, occasionally blocking hydroelectric turbines. This study is part of a larger project examining environmental changes associated with large dam projects; the research objective of this study was to assess patterns of genetic diversity in Egeria populations growing in Jupiá and Três Irmãos Lakes and their Paraná River tributaries using genetic markers. Forty-two plants of E. najas and 46 of E. densa (for a total of 88 samples) were collected from 13 sites. Genotypes were identified by isoenzymes and Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA RAPD markers. Using a genetic distance dendrogram we grouped all E. densa plants into one set and all E. najas plants into another set. The plant sample 8a, which presented intermediary morphological characteristics of both species, also presented intermediary genetic characteristics, indicating the possibility that gene introgression between these Egeria species may occur. The creation of Três Irmãos Lake appears to have increased some measures of genetic diversity in Egeria populations by facilitating outcrossing among previously semi-isolated genotypes. Increased migration of large numbers of seeds and vegetative branches of E. densa and E. najas into Jupiá Lake and its tributaries can account for most of the changes in patterning of genetic diversity observed in these populations of Egeria.Las especies acuáticas de Egeria densa y E. najas ocurren naturalmente en la Cuenca del Río Paraná, sudeste del Brasil. La construcción de una represa hidroeléctrica en la cuenca de este río, creó varios lagos, cambiando la ecología del río y alterando la populación ecológica de Egeria. Grandes y densas poblaciones de Egeria crecen hoy en día en el lago de Jupiá y sus afluentes, bloqueando de vez en cuando las turbinas de la hidroeléctrica. Como parte de un estudio de cambios ambientales, asociados a grandes proyectos de represas, fueron usados marcadores moleculares para determinar patrones de diversidad genética en las poblaciones de Egeria que crecen en los lagos de Jupiá, Três Irmãos y sus afluentes del Río Paraná. En un total de 13 sitios, fueran colectadas 42 plantas de E. najas y 46 de E. densa, que suman un total de 88 muestras. Los genotipos fueron identificados por marcadores de isoenzimas y RAPD. A través de dendrogramas de distancia genética se agruparon por separado todas las plantas de E. densa y de E. najas. La muestra 8a presentó plantas con características morfológicas e genéticas intermediarias de ambas las especies, indicando haber posibilidades de introgresión de genes entre ambas las especies de Egeria. La creación del lago de Três Irmãos parece haber aumentado, en alguna medida, la diversidad genética de las populaciones de Egeria por la facilidad de cruzamientos entre genotipos, hasta entonces semi-aislados. La migración creciente de grandes cantidades de semillas y de partes vegetativas de Egeria densa y Egeria najas dentro del Lago Jupiá y sus afluentes, pueden explicar los cambios observados en los patrones de diversidad genética en estas populaciones de Egeria