Choosing Cleaner and Safer Production Practices through a Multi-criteria Approach

International audienceThrough the international (Convention) and European (Industrial Emissions Directive) legislations, industries have to apply preventive measures according to the Best Available Technique (BAT) concept or cleaner production (CP) strategies. Many technical solutions exist to conform, but the major stake is to assess the overall effect or impact of the implementation of a technique on the installation. Several methods have been developed based on LCA or carbon balance methodologies, but they lack the technical, economical and social criteria, which are aspects that should be taken into account when choosing cleaner and safer production practices. This paper presents a decision-making tool based on a multi-criteria analysis approach, likely to encourage manufacturers to implement cleaner and safer production practices in the metal finishing sector. First, a systemic analysis of the industrial facility and its environment is used to identify 15 criteria structured in a hierarchical pattern. These criteria represent the targets which could potentially impacted by a cleaner and safer production practice: for example, water, soil, air, but also the environment of the workstation of an operator, the production processes, etc. Using these 15 criteria, users can then assess up to 86 practices selected in particular in the BREF report dealing with Metal Finishing. Thus, this tool enables the practices the most adapted to a particular company to be chosen not only on financial criteria, but also on a social, environmental and technical view

Diagnostic des impacts des pratiques de production plus propre et plus sûre

International audienceFace à l'augmentation des considérations environnementales actuelles, les industriels ont de plus en plus souvent recours à des pratiques de production plus propre. Ces pratiques, nombreuses et variées, sont génératrices de multiples effets bénéfiques tels la réduction des consommations d'eau, de matières premières et d'énergie, ou encore la minimisation des déchets. Néanmoins, l'impact global de leur mise en oeuvre sur l'entreprise peut être difficilement appréhendable. Il semble donc utile d'aider les industriels à évaluer les impacts liés à la mise en oeuvre de ces pratiques, et par conséquent à obtenir un outil de Production Plus Propre et Plus Sûre (4PS). L'article proposé ici tente de répondre à cette problématique en développant une méthode de diagnostic des impacts de 4PS. Elle s'appuie sur l'utilisation de 38 indicateurs et 15 critères qui permettent de rendre compte de la situation, d'aider à la prise de décision, et de mesurer les évolutions suite à la mise en place d'une pratique de production plus propre. Développée et validée pour le secteur du traitement de surface, la méthode proposée contribue ainsi à répondre à la problématique des Meilleures Techniques Disponibles en aidant les industriels dans leur mise en place

Réduction des impacts environnementaux des ateliers de traitement de surfaces : Application de stratégies de production plus propre et plus sûre

https://www.emse.fr/spip/IMG/pdf/cluster_poster_2008.pdfCommunications par affiche dans un congrès national : Sélection des prix des techniques innovantes pour l'environnement 2008, Pollutec 200

Évaluation des impacts liés à la mise en oeuvre de stratégies de production plus propre et plus sûre

International audienceDans le domaine du traitement de surface, la législation environnementale de plus en plus contraignante (arrêté du 30 juin 2006, DCE, IPPC, REACH...) oblige les industriels à reconsidérer leur outil de production et évoluer vers de nouvelles stratégies d'optimisation en vue de prévenir et de réduire à la source la génération et la nocivité des polluants. La capacité de ces stratégies de « Production Propre » à diminuer les pressions anthropiques, à améliorer les processus de production, et à générer des bénéfices n'est plus à démontrer [1- 3]. Cependant elles peuvent avoir une incidence sur la qualité, la sécurité, ou encore l'organisation de l'outil de production. Appréhender les divers impacts liés à la mise en place de pratiques de production propre (substitution de formulations au chrome VI par du chrome III, mise en place de rinçages par aspersion, achat d'un électrolyseur...), est important pour maîtriser l'outil de production. La présente étude propose une méthodologie et un outil pour l'évaluation des impacts liés à la mise en oeuvre de pratiques de Production Plus Propre et Plus Sûre (4PS). Cet outil permet un état des lieux de l'atelier de traitement de surface vis-àvis de critères de 4PS. D'autre part, il éclaire l'industriel dans le choix de pratiques de production propre adaptées à ses objectifs

Coherent beam superposition of ten diode lasers with a Dammann grating

We demonstrate the use of a binary diffractive optical element in a very simple setup to convert the multilobed beam from a low fill factor array of coherent laser diodes into a quasi-Gaussian beam. The phase profile of the grating is determined with a phase retrieval algorithm. Experimentally, the conversion efficiency reaches more than 44%. We also establish that this setup can be used to make an effective measurement of the coherency of the laser array

Neonatal infections with multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing E. cloacae and K. pneumoniae in Neonatal Units of two different Hospitals in Antananarivo, Madagascar

Background: We investigated the molecular mechanism of ß-lactam resistance in extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterial strains isolated in neonatal units of different hospitals in Anatnanarivo, Madagascar.Methods: Bacteria were identified by standard biochemical methods, disc diffusion antibiograms and Etest. Resistance genes were sought by PCR. Strains were characterized by Rep- PCR (Diversilab), plasmid analysis and rep-typing.Results: From April 2012 to March 2013, 29 ESBL-producing E. cloacae and 15 K. pneumoniae were isolated from blood culture (n = 32) or gastric samples (n = 12) performed at day 0 or 2 from 39/303 newborns suspected of early neonatal infection. These infants were treated with expanded spectrum cephalosporins, due to lack of carbapenems, leading to a high mortality rate (45 %). Isolates recovered were all, but 4, multidrug resistant, particularly to fluoroquinolones (FQ) except for 21 E. cloacae isolates. Isolates produced TEM-1 and CTX-M-15 ß-lactamases and their genes were located on several self- transferable plasmids of variable sizes sizes that could not be linked to a major plasmid incompatibility group. E. cloacae isolates belonged to 6 Rep-types among which two counted for 11 isolates each. The FQ resistant E. cloacae isolates belonged to one clone, whereas the FQ susceptible E. cloacae isolates belonged to four clones. The K. pneumoniae isolates belonged to 9 Rep-types among which one included five isolates.Conclusion: This study is the first molecular characterization of ESBL- producing isolates from neonatology units in Madagascar, a country with limited epidemiological data. It revealed an important multi-clonal dissemination of CTX-M-15- producing isolates reflecting both the high community carriage and the very early nosocomial contamination of the neonates

Neonatal infections with multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing E. cloacae and K. pneumoniae in Neonatal Units of two different Hospitals in Antananarivo, Madagascar

Background: We investigated the molecular mechanism of ß-lactam resistance in extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterial strains isolated in neonatal units of different hospitals in Anatnanarivo, Madagascar.Methods: Bacteria were identified by standard biochemical methods, disc diffusion antibiograms and Etest. Resistance genes were sought by PCR. Strains were characterized by Rep- PCR (Diversilab), plasmid analysis and rep-typing.Results: From April 2012 to March 2013, 29 ESBL-producing E. cloacae and 15 K. pneumoniae were isolated from blood culture (n = 32) or gastric samples (n = 12) performed at day 0 or 2 from 39/303 newborns suspected of early neonatal infection. These infants were treated with expanded spectrum cephalosporins, due to lack of carbapenems, leading to a high mortality rate (45 %). Isolates recovered were all, but 4, multidrug resistant, particularly to fluoroquinolones (FQ) except for 21 E. cloacae isolates. Isolates produced TEM-1 and CTX-M-15 ß-lactamases and their genes were located on several self- transferable plasmids of variable sizes sizes that could not be linked to a major plasmid incompatibility group. E. cloacae isolates belonged to 6 Rep-types among which two counted for 11 isolates each. The FQ resistant E. cloacae isolates belonged to one clone, whereas the FQ susceptible E. cloacae isolates belonged to four clones. The K. pneumoniae isolates belonged to 9 Rep-types among which one included five isolates.Conclusion: This study is the first molecular characterization of ESBL- producing isolates from neonatology units in Madagascar, a country with limited epidemiological data. It revealed an important multi-clonal dissemination of CTX-M-15- producing isolates reflecting both the high community carriage and the very early nosocomial contamination of the neonates

Towards IASI-New Generation (IASI-NG): impact of improved spectral resolution and radiometric noise on the retrieval of thermodynamic, chemistry and climate variables

Besides their strong contribution to weather forecast improvement through data assimilation, thermal infrared sounders onboard polar-orbiting platforms are now playing a key role for monitoring atmospheric composition changes. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument developed by the French space agency (CNES) and launched by Eumetsat onboard the Metop satellite series is providing essential inputs for weather forecasting and pollution/climate monitoring owing to its smart combination of large horizontal swath, good spectral resolution and high radiometric performance. EUMETSAT is currently preparing the next polar-orbiting program (EPS-SG) with the Metop-SG satellite series that should be launched around 2020. In this framework, CNES is studying the concept of a new instrument, the IASI-New Generation (IASI-NG), characterized by an improvement of both spectral and radiometric characteristics as compared to IASI, with three objectives: (i) continuity of the IASI/Metop series; (ii) improvement of vertical resolution; (iii) improvement of the accuracy and detection threshold for atmospheric and surface components. In this paper, we show that an improvement of spectral resolution and radiometric noise fulfill these objectives by leading to (i) a better vertical coverage in the lower part of the troposphere, thanks to the increase in spectral resolution; (ii) an increase in the accuracy of the retrieval of several thermodynamic, climate and chemistry variables, thanks to the improved signal-to-noise ratio as well as less interferences between the signatures of the absorbing species in the measured radiances. The detection limit of several atmospheric species is also improved. We conclude that IASI-NG has the potential for strongly benefiting the numerical weather prediction, chemistry and climate communities now connected through the European GMES/Copernicus initiative