Glutathione: A small molecule with big sense

Glutathione, a peptide found in microbes, plants and animals including human plays a key role in maintaining healthy cells. The peptide exists in both reduced and oxidized forms. Synthesis of GSH occurs in the cytosol of cells, and the extent of glutathione synthesis relies on various factors, such as amino acid availability, protein activity etc. Once synthesized, glutathione exists in both forms: oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH). Oxidized glutathione characterized by its disulfide linkage. On the other hand, presence of a thiol group characterizes the reduced glutathione. This thiol makes the tripeptide an essential component of health; it makes glutathione a free radical scavenger, or an antioxidant. Disturbance in glutathione synthesis or imbalance in GSH to GSSG ratio results in physiological conditions due to build up oxidants in cells. Imbalance might take place because of physiological conditions, or may result from hereditary conditions, or a disease developed from lifestyle. Dietary glutathione supplements are now being marketed. A concise overview of various aspects of glutathione in human body is presented in this mini-review

Estimation of Interleukine -1 and Granulocyte Macrophage –Colony Stimulating Factors among Type a Hepatitis Patient and Autoimmune Hepatitis

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is the most common cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Although infection with Hepatitis A virus is often mild and asymptomatic in young children, the disease can be severe in adults .The aimed of this study was estimate serum cytokines levels of interleukin (IL-1) and Granulocyte macrophage\colony stimulating factors (GM\CSF) with Hepatitis A virus(HAV) , autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and apparently healthy individuals as a control group. Forty  blood samples have been collected from HAV patients ,  31samples of  (AIH) patients ,   in addition to 24 apparently healthy individuals . The detection of (HAV),(IL-1) and  (GM\CSF)were estimated by Enzyme Linked  immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) method. The present study shows that the high frequency of disease in age 20-29 years most of them male more than female. The mean of the elevated IL-1 in serum of HAV, AIH and healthy control was 59.44 ± 27.23, 26.39 ± 13.35 and 4.97 ±2.78 respectively, while the mean of elevated GM-CSF in serum of the studied groups was 48.66±25.41, 12.4±3.74 and 1.71±0.88 respectively. IL-1 appears in 39 (97.5%) of HAV patients which was elevated in comparison with 27 (87.1%) AIH group. Level IL-1 among AIH was observed highly significantly elevated in comparison with healthy control (P<0.01). The elevated of GM-CSF in this study was showed that 40(100%)  patients with HAV were appeared of abnormal GM-CSF, while 31(100%)   AIH patients were observed for abnormal GM-CSF in AIH compared with healthy control.. The results indicating that highly significant relationship for the studied group (P<0.01). This study concluded that Sreum IL-1 and GM-CSF was elevated in both HAV and AIH as mediating acute inflammatory reactions and chemokine respectively compared with healthy controls. Keywords: Interleukine -1, Granulocyte Macrophage –Colony Stimulating Factors ,type A Hepatitis autoimmune hepatitis 

Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Confinement Beyond Rainbow-Ladder Truncation

A non-perturbative construction of the 3-point fermion-boson vertex which obeys its Ward-Takahashi or Slavnov-Taylor identity, ensures the massless fermion and boson propagators transform according to their local gauge covariance relations, reproduces perturbation theory in the weak coupling regime and provides a gauge independent description for dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (DCSB) and confinement has been a long-standing goal in physically relevant gauge theories such as quantum electrodynamics (QED) and quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In this paper, we demonstrate that the same simple and practical form of the vertex can achieve these objectives not only in 4-dimensional quenched QED (qQED4) but also in its 3-dimensional counterpart (qQED3). Employing this convenient form of the vertex \emph{ansatz} into the Schwinger-Dyson equation (SDE) for the fermion propagator, we observe that it renders the critical coupling in qQED4 markedly gauge independent in contrast with the bare vertex and improves on the well-known Curtis-Pennington construction. Furthermore, our proposal yields gauge independent order parameters for confinement and DCSB in qQED3.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure