DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF LEVAMISOLE IN BULK AND DOSAGE FORM

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a reverse phase isocratic HPLC was developed and validated for the determination of levamisole in bulk and tablet dosage forms. Method: Method development was carried out on Welchrom C18 isocratic column, (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., particle size 5 μm, maintained at ambient temperature), Shimadzu LC-20AT Prominence Liquid Chromatograph. The mobile phase was a mixture of Methanol: Acetonitrile: Water 50:30:20 v/v, with apparent pH of 4.6 and the flow rate was set at 1.0 ml/min and UV detection at 225 nm. Results: Validation parameters were evaluated for the method according to the ICH (Q2R1) guidelines. In the linearity study, linearity was observed from 2-10 μg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and regression coefficient of 0.9998. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation for the method were 0.1219 μg/ml and 0.3695 μg/ml, respectively. The statistical analysis shows that the method was found to be accurate, reliable, simple and reproducible. The intra- and inter-assay precisions were satisfactory; the values of relative standard deviations did not exceed 2%. The accuracy of the method was proved; the mean recovery of levamisole was 99.36% to 100.56%. The chromatographic retention time of proposed method was 2.790 min and the mean assay of content was found to be 102.135 ± 0.933%. Conclusion: The proposed method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of levamisole in bulk form and could be used for routine analysis with phenomenal accuracy and precisions. Keywords: RP-HPLC, Levamisole, Validation, ICH guidelines. Â

A clinicopathological study and management of thyroid carcinoma

A total number of 60 patients with thyroid cancer were evaluated in the study period from June 2010 to May 2012 at Madurai Medical College retrospectively. The occurrence of thyroid cancer was maximum in the 4th decade of life followed by the 5th decade of the life. Female gender outnumbered males with a ratio of 5: 1 in this study, the commonest symptom of thyroid malignancy was a painless swelling in the front of the neck (95% of the patients) and the duration of symptoms varied greatly; with 70% of the patients presenting with a duration of less than 1 year. FNAC was helpful in establishing the diagnosis in 80% of cases. Ultrasonography of the neck was found to be very sensitive tool in thyroid carcinoma to find out the features suspicious of the malignancy and the impalpable nodal metastases. The most common histopathological type was papillary carcinoma thyroid (80%); followed by follicular carcinoma thyroid (18.33%) and one case of the anaplastic carcinoma. The age of presentation, gender incidence and the clinical presentations varied between the histological variants of papillary and follicular carcinoma of thyroid. The diameter of the tumour was found to be an independent parameter and statistically correlates with the morphological parameters of the thyroid carcinoma that include the multifocality, extra thyroidal invasion, lymph node and distant metastases and were statistically correlated. Large number of the patients in this study belonged to the high risk category as per AMES Categorization criteria and also to the Stage I disease by AJCC (2010) TNM classification system. Total thyroidectomy was the common procedure required for the treatment for the thyroid malignancies and the extent of the lymph node dissection depends on the level of lymph node involvement and the prophylactic lymph node dissection in well differentiated thyroid cancers are needed in high risk patients. The common complications commonly found in the study were vocal cord palsy and the transient hypoparathyroidism

Role of powder metallurgical processing and TiB reinforcement on mechanical response of Ti-TiB composites

In this work, titanium–titanium boride (Ti–TiB) composites were synthesized by three different powder metallurgical techniques, namely, spark plasma sintering (SPS), hot iso-static pressing (HIP) and vacuum sintering (VS). The mechanical properties of the composites were determined using the nanoindentation technique. The role of the material processing route and TiB reinforcement employed on the mechanical properties of the composites was investigated. The results revealed that the composites processed by SPS possessed improved mechanical properties relative to those of the composites prepared by the HIP and VS techniques. Furthermore, reinforcement of the composites with TiB enhanced the hardness, elastic modulus and contact stiffness, whereas it reduced the fracture toughness and indentation creep

RAPID AND ECONOMICAL QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SEVERAL ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS IN PRESENCE OF HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE BY ISOCRATIC REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN THEIR PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

Objective: Objective of the present investigation is to develop a speedy isocratic reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the separation and quantitative determination of 5 angiotensin II - receptor antagonists, namely, telmisartan, losartan, valsartan, olmesartan, irbesartan, and atenolol along with thiazide diuretics mostly hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ).Methods: RP-HPLC method was evolved using Welchrom C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) as a stationary phase with the mobile phase comprising a variety of phosphate buffer with pH-3.3 and acetonitrile in the proportion of 50:50 v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a current rate of 1 mL/minute. The detection wavelength was carried out at 230 nm.Results: The total run time was 6 minutes and the elution window of only 3 minutes. The peaks were eluted with decorous resolution. The calibration curves were linear (r2=0.9998) in all cases. The percentage relative standard deviation (RSD%) was <2% and average recovery was above 99.95%. The method was validated specificity, precision, and accuracy. High recovery values and low RSD% prove that this method is very accurate and reproducible. The developed method was applied to the estimation of the above-said drugs in binary combinations from different manufacturers which were a good agreement with label claim.Conclusion: The important advantage of developed method was that the five individual drugs can be determined on a single chromatographic system without alteration in detection wavelength and mobile phase composition. This novel method was statistically validated as per ICH guidelines. The optimized method proved to be linear, accurate, and robust. Hence, the above said proposed method was found to be a rapid tool for the routine determination of the above-said drugs in alone or combination with HCTZ in quality control analysis without interference of excipients

Revascularisation Strategies in OPCAB (Off Pump Coronary Artery Bypass)

OPCAB was performed before the advent of heart lung machine. But with the development of stabilizers, coronary artery bypass grafting has been performed over the last two decades successfully in many centres around the world. But still 80% of bypass surgeries are done on the heart lung machine. We were one of the few teams who have been performing this OPCAB for the past 18 years. All along, we have been innovating, fabricating and developing and patenting instruments, techniques and technology to help us perform OPCAB in 100% of all our coronary patients. That too being able to reduce the mortality of bypass surgery to less than 0.5%. In this chapter, we have attempted to write down our strategy, in order to successfully perform OPCAB in all our patients, so that the coming generation can benefit from it

Web Service Composition Framework using Petrinet and Web Service Data Cache in MANET

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is characterized by multi-hop wireless links and frequent node mobility. Every neighboring node in the MANET is likely to have similar task and interests, several nodes might need to access the similar web service at different times. So, by caching the repeatedly accessed web service data within MANET, it is possible to reduce the cost of accessing the same service details from the UDDI and also from the external providers. Composition of web services leads to a better alternative as, at times a candidate web service may not completely serve the need of the customer. An effective Data Cache Mechanism (DCM) has been proposed in [6] using the Distributed Spanning Tree (DST) as a communication structure in Mobile network to improve scalability and lessen network overload. As an enhancement, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique has been applied on DST to cope with the fragile nature of the MANET and to improve the network fault tolerance [1]. In these perspectives, an efficient Web Service Cache Mechanism (WSCM) can be modeled to improve the performance of the web service operations in MANET. In this paper, a fine grained theoretical model has been formulated to assess the various performance factors such as Cooperative Cache and Mobility Handoff. In addition to these, the performance improvement of WSCM using DST and ACO optimized DST techniques in MANET has been proved experimentally using Precision and Data Reliability of the system using appropriate simulation

Intelligent Financial Fraud Detection Practices: An Investigation

Financial fraud is an issue with far reaching consequences in the finance industry, government, corporate sectors, and for ordinary consumers. Increasing dependence on new technologies such as cloud and mobile computing in recent years has compounded the problem. Traditional methods of detection involve extensive use of auditing, where a trained individual manually observes reports or transactions in an attempt to discover fraudulent behaviour. This method is not only time consuming, expensive and inaccurate, but in the age of big data it is also impractical. Not surprisingly, financial institutions have turned to automated processes using statistical and computational methods. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on financial fraud detection practices using such data mining methods, with a particular focus on computational intelligence-based techniques. Classification of the practices based on key aspects such as detection algorithm used, fraud type investigated, and success rate have been covered. Issues and challenges associated with the current practices and potential future direction of research have also been identified.Comment: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Networks (SecureComm 2014

Lessons from Innovative Institutions in the Marketing of Fish and Fishery Products in India §

Abstract This study has been conducted with the objective of understanding the process of innovative marketing models in the fisheries sector and to draw lessons from the success stories to upscale and replicate in a similar socio-politico-economic scenario in other parts of the country. It has been conducted to provide a better understanding of fish marketing by self-help groups (SHGs), producer associations, fisheries development corporations, fisherman cooperatives and private institutions in the southern states of India, namely Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh with the hypothesis that the institutional arrangements in the marketing of fish and fishery products reduce the transaction cost and improve the market access and its efficiency. The study has reported the primary activities of those institutions in the efficient fish marketing, such as inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales promotion and support activities like infrastructural facilities, technological backstopping, price information and procurement. Through these advantages, the fishermen have been found to achieve economies of scale, technological innovations, capacity development, linkage among activities, degree of vertical integration, timing of market entry, product differentiation, market access, credit access, etc. The study has suggested replication of such successful innovative institutions in marketing the fish and fishery products through appropriate policies and programmes. It has also suggested to promote institutions like SHGs, producer / fishermen associations, cooperatives, etc. and allow the entry of private agencies with appropriate regulatory mechanism to improve the efficiency of fish marketing in the country

Crop–livestock-integrated farming system: a strategy to achieve synergy between agricultural production, nutritional security, and environmental sustainability

IntroductionClimate change, nutritional security, land shrinkage, and an increasing human population are the most concerning factors in agriculture, which are further complicated by deteriorating soil health. Among several ways to address these issues, the most prominent and cost-effective means is to adopt an integrated farming system (IFS). Integrating farming systems with livestock enables a way to increase economic yield per unit area per unit of time for farmers in small and marginal categories. This system effectively utilizes the waste materials by recycling them via linking appropriate components, thereby minimizing the pollution caused to the environment. Further integrating livestock components with crops and the production of eggs, meat, and milk leads to nutritional security and stable farmer's income generation. So, there is a dire need to develop an eco-friendly, ecologically safe, and economically profitable IFS model.MethodsAn experiment was conducted to develop a crop–livestock-based integrated farming system model for the benefit of irrigated upland farmers in the semi-arid tropics for increasing productivity, farm income, employment generation, and food and nutritional security through efficient utilization of resources in the farming system.Results and discussionThe IFS model has components, viz., crop (0.85 ha) + horticulture (0.10 ha) + 2 cattles along with 2 calves in dairy (50 m2) + 12 female goats and 1 male goat (50 m2) + 150 numbers of poultry birds (50 m2) + vermicompost (50 m2) + kitchen garden (0.02 ha) + boundary planting + supporting activities (0.01 ha) in a one-hectare area. The model recorded a higher total MEY (162.31 t), gross return (689,773), net return (317,765), and employment generation (475 mandays). Further negative emissions of −15,118 CO2-e (kg) greenhouse gases were recorded under this model. The study conclusively reveals that integration of crop, horticulture, dairy, goat, poultry, vermicompost production, kitchen garden, and boundary planting models increases the net returns, B:C ratio, employment generation, nutritional security, and livelihoods of small and marginal farmers