Comparative analysis of CMIP5 and CMIP6 in conjunction with the hydrological processes of reservoir catchment, Chhattisgarh, India

Study region: Mahanadi reservoir project complex (MRP), Chhattisgarh, India Study focus: This study assesses and compares the performance of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and CMIP6 models in modeling the hydrological regime. The study compared the performance of 13 CMIP6 GCMs in two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSEPs) with that of 16 CMIP5 GCMs in two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Before being used to drive the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for streamflow prediction, the raw CMIP outputs were adjusted and downscaled using Bias Correction and Spatial Disaggregation methods (BCSD). In addition, the water deficits were also assessed between the mean monthly released by the optimized model and the mean monthly water demand. Results of this research projected the domestic water demand for future scenarios (2023–2099). New hydrological insights for the study region: The results of this study revealed that the genetic algorithm (GA) outperforms the various optimization techniques for CMIP5, with deficits observed by the GA algorithm. In addition, CCCmaCanESM2 was found to be the most efficient among CMIP5 GCMs, whereas MPI-ESM1–2-HR was used for CMIP6 GCMs. Overall, the CMIP6 multi-model mean ensemble (MMME) outperformed the CMIP5 MMME in simulating streamflow over the study area at annual and seasonal timescales. CMIP6 MMME also reduced maximum and minimum temperature biases over the study region significantly. In overall conclusion, the CMIP6 ensemble offers a lower margin of uncertainty for future climate projections and better credibility for hydrological effect analysis. The results further indicate that satisfactory steam flows can be obtained from the SWAT model while slight underestimations can be seen for higher discharges. In addition, the projected domestic water demand based on future population and irrigation demand clearly showcases significant annual increases

Strong Interaction Physics at the Luminosity Frontier with 22 GeV Electrons at Jefferson Lab

This document presents the initial scientific case for upgrading the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) to 22 GeV. It is the result of a community effort, incorporating insights from a series of workshops conducted between March 2022 and April 2023. With a track record of over 25 years in delivering the world's most intense and precise multi-GeV electron beams, CEBAF's potential for a higher energy upgrade presents a unique opportunity for an innovative nuclear physics program, which seamlessly integrates a rich historical background with a promising future. The proposed physics program encompass a diverse range of investigations centered around the nonperturbative dynamics inherent in hadron structure and the exploration of strongly interacting systems. It builds upon the exceptional capabilities of CEBAF in high-luminosity operations, the availability of existing or planned Hall equipment, and recent advancements in accelerator technology. The proposed program cover various scientific topics, including Hadron Spectroscopy, Partonic Structure and Spin, Hadronization and Transverse Momentum, Spatial Structure, Mechanical Properties, Form Factors and Emergent Hadron Mass, Hadron-Quark Transition, and Nuclear Dynamics at Extreme Conditions, as well as QCD Confinement and Fundamental Symmetries. Each topic highlights the key measurements achievable at a 22 GeV CEBAF accelerator. Furthermore, this document outlines the significant physics outcomes and unique aspects of these programs that distinguish them from other existing or planned facilities. In summary, this document provides an exciting rationale for the energy upgrade of CEBAF to 22 GeV, outlining the transformative scientific potential that lies within reach, and the remarkable opportunities it offers for advancing our understanding of hadron physics and related fundamental phenomena