Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis

Epigenetics “above or over genetics” is the term used for processes that result in modifications which are stably inherited through cell generations, without changing the underlying DNA sequence of the cell. These include DNA methylation, Post-translational histone modification and non-coding RNAs. Over the last two decades, interest in the field of epigenetics has grown manifold because of the realization of its involvement in key cellular and pathological processes beyond what was initially anticipated. Epigenetics and chromatin biology have been underscored to play key roles in diseases like cancer. The landscape of different epigenetic signatures can vary considerably from one cancer type to another, and even from one ethnic group to another in the case of same cancer. This chapter discusses the emerging role of epigenetics and chromatin biology in the field of cancer research. It discusses about the different forms of epigenetic mechanisms and their respective role in carcinogenesis in the light of emerging research

fagocitna aktivnost i fagocitni indeksi polimorfonuklearnih stanica mlijeka (PMN) kao markeri za dijagnozu i praćenje terapijske i profilaktičke učinkovitosti različitih formulacija antioksidanata u suzbijanju mastitisa goveda

A clinical study was undertaken on bovine mastitis in the Kashmir valley to study the relationship between Phagocytic activity (PA) and the phagocytic index (PI) of milk neutrophils (PMN’s) and bovine mastitis. The PA and PI of milk PMN’s were assessed in mastitic animals and compared with normal, healthy, lactating animals. A significant decrease was found in the values of the PA and PI of milk neutrophils in clinical cases of mastitis as compared to the healthy control group. The utility of anti-oxidants in clinical management of mastitis was measured through the response to treatment with trace minerals such as Cu, Zn, Mn and Se in addition to conventional antibiotic therapy. Two groups of mastitic animals received two therapeutic regimens. Group I animals received antibiotics (Enrofloxacin 6.6 mg/kg BID for 5 days) and a self-formulated trace mineral anti-oxidant mixture at therapeutic doses for 7 days, while Group II animals only received the antibiotic (at the same dose rate and frequency). Therapeutic regimen I proved more efficacious than the therapeutic regimen II in the treatment of clinical mastitis, as evidenced by higher recovery rates, a lower number of mean days required for recovery, and higher PA and PI of the milk PMN’s on day 10 post treatment. For prophylactic studies, 24 healthy lactating cows were divided into two groups of 12 animals each. One group was supplemented with a self-formulated trace mineral anti-oxidant mixture at prophylactic doses for 30 days, which resulted in a significant improvement in udder health status in terms of the SCC, PA and PI of milk PMN’s. Supplementation with the antioxidant formulation played a significant role in early recovery and prophylaxis of bovine mastitis. Assessment of PA and PI of milk PMN’s could be utilised as an effective tool for diagnosing susceptibility to the occurrence of mastitis, as well as monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of different treatment regimes.Kliničko istraživanje mastitisa goveda u dolini Kashmir provedeno je kako bi se procijenila povezanost fagocitne aktivnosti (PA) i fagocitnih indeksa (PI) neutrofila u mlijeku (PMN’s) i mastitisa goveda. PA i PI neutrofila u mlijeku analizirani su u životinja s mastitisom i uspoređeni sa zdravim životinjama u laktaciji. Pronađeno je znakovito smanjenje PA i PI neutrofila u mlijeku u slučajevima kliničkog mastitisa u usporedbi s kontrolnom, zdravom skupinom. Korisnost antioksidansa u slučajevima kliničkog mastitisa mjerena je putem odgovora na liječenje mineralima u tragovima kao što su Cu, Zn, Mn i Se, koji su dodani konvencionalnoj antibiotskoj terapiji. Dvije skupine životinja s mastitisom imale su dva terapijska programa. Skupina 1 primala je antibiotik (enrofloksacin 6,6 mg/kg, 2 puta dnevno, tijekom 5 dana) i vlastito pripremljenu mješavinu antioksidantnih minerala u tragovima u terapijskoj dozi tijekom 7 dana, dok je skupina 2 dobivala samo antibiotike (u istoj dozi i intervalu). Terapijski program u skupini 1 pokazao se učinkovitijim od onoga u skupini 2 u liječenju kliničkog mastitisa, što dokazuju veće stope oporavka, manji prosječan broj dana potreban za oporavak te povećane vrijednosti PA i PI polimorfonuklearnih stanica mlijeka deseti dan poslije tretmana. Za istraživanje profilakse 24 zdrave krave u laktaciji podijeljene su u dvije skupine sa po 12 životinja. Jedna je skupina dobivala vlastito pripremljenu mješavinu antioksidantnih minerala u tragovima u profilaktičkoj dozi tijekom 30 dana. To je rezultiralo znakovitim poboljšanjem zdravlja vimena što se vidjelo po vrijednostima SCC, PA i PI neutrofila u mlijeku. Dodatak antioksidantne formulacije znakovito je utjecao na rani oporavak i profilaksu mastitisa u goveda. Procjena PA i PI polimorfonuklearnih stanica mlijeka mogla bi biti učinkovit alat pri dijagnostici sumnje na mastitis kao i praćenju učinkovitosti različitih terapijskih program

Immune and Oxidative Response against Sonicated Antigen of <i>Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumonia</i>—A Causative Agent of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia

Vaccines are vital for prevention and control of mycoplasma diseases. The exploration of a vaccine candidate for the development of a vaccine is imperative. The present study envisages the evaluation of immune and oxidative response against an adjuvanted, sonicated antigen of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumonia in male Angora rabbits (1 year old, 2 kg) divided in four groups, each having six animals. Group 1 was the healthy control and received 1 mL PBS via subcutaneous route. Group 2 was administered 1 mL of saponin-adjuvanted and -sonicated antigen, Group 3 was given 1 mL of montanide ISA 50-adjuvanted and-sonicated antigen, and Group 4 was given 1 mL of standard vaccine via subcutaneous route. Animals were evaluated for cellular and humoral immune response and oxidative parameters at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of the study. Total leukocytic, neutrophilic, and basophilic counts showed a significant (p p p p p < 0.05) higher oxidant and lower antioxidant values were noted in Group 2 and 4 compared to Group 3 and Group 1 on most of the intervals. The TLC and antibody titer showed increasing trend throughout the trial, whereas TNF-α, IgG, L, M and E started decreasing from day 14, and IL-10, N and B started decreasing from day 21. This study concludes that the saponin-adjuvanted and-sonicated antigen induces comparatively higher immune response than montanide but is associated with oxidative and inflammatory reactions