Investigating drainage rate effects on fractal patterns and capillary fingering in a realistic glass micromodel

Ispravna karakterizacija postupaka i mehanizama istiskivanja fluida razmjera pora je od bitne važnosti za razumijevanje i opisivanje ponašanja pri istiskivanju kod većih mjera jezgre i rezervoara. Detaljno vizualno ispitivanje fenomena istiskivanja može se ostvariti jedino korištenjem staklenih mikromodela stvarnih dimenzija sličnih onom razvijenom u ovom radu. Provedena su razna ispitivanja brzine drenaže s fluidima iste viskoznosti u svrhu promatranja uzoraka toka u vodom ovlaženom staklenom mikromodelu. Potpuno zasićenje St, lokalna zasićenja Sx, prednja fraktalna dimenzija Df i površinska fraktalna dimenzija Ds, izračunati su iz slika testova visoke rezolucije i upotrijebljeni za kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu procjenu postupaka. Ustanovljeno je da St i Ds prate trendove porasta, a staze Df trend opadanja s kapilarnim brojem. To se događa zbog stabilnijih uzoraka i kompaktnih struktura koje se razvijaju u testovima s većim brzinama ubrizgavanja. Krivulje Sx su, međutim, ostale usporedive kod različitog broja kapilarnih testova zbog istog uzorka mreže primijenjenog u svim eksperimentima. Napredne fraktalne mjere zajedno sa slikama eksperimenata visoke rezolucije omogućile su da se precizno opišu i istraže uzorci i strukture istiskivanja kako se stvaraju i s vremenom razvijaju pri različitim kombinacijama kapilarnih i viskoznih sila na koje se najvjerojatnije nailazi u stvarnim uvjetima spremišta.Proper characterization of fluid displacement processes and mechanisms at pore scale is essential to understand and describe the displacement behaviour at larger core and reservoir scales. Detailed visual investigation of displacement phenomena is only realized using real-size glass micromodels similar to what we developed in this study. Different drainage rate experiments are performed with viscosity match fluids to observe flow patterns in a water-wet glass micromodel. Total saturation St, local saturations Sx, front fractal dimension Df and surface fractal dimension Ds, are calculated from high resolution images of the tests and are used for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the processes. It is found that St and Ds follow increasing trends and Df tracks a decreasing trend with capillary number. This is due to the more stable patterns and compact structures that are developed in the tests with higher injection rates. Sx curves, however, remained comparable for different capillary number tests due to the same network pattern used in all the experiments. Advanced fractal measures along with high resolution images of the experiments made it possible to precisely describe and investigate the displacement patterns and structures as they initiate and develop with time at different combinations of capillary and viscous forces most likely encountered in real reservoir conditions

Procjena energetske bilance artemije jezera Uremia i metode njezine optimizacije

In this study, an energy balance sheet was evaluated for the production of artemia in the Fasandoz plain of Miandoab. The research was done in 8 earthen ponds, with 2 ponds of 0.7 hectares and 6 ponds of 0.3 hectares. According to the results of the semi industrial research center in the Fasandoz plain in western Azerbaijan province, sampling shows that the biomass of artemia average 40 tons per year. According to the energy efficiency of the cyst and adult artemia compounds, the energy balance sheet is calculated as a function of biomass and protein. The amount and energy efficiency (ratio of data to saving) is estimated as a function of biomass as 0.048, and as a function of protein as 0.018. The most consumed energy is in response to application of hen fertilizer (47.74 percent) and gasoline (29.4 percent), and the least energy is consumed as required for releasing cysts (0.001). To produce brine shrimp in Uremia Lake, the bisexual Artemia urmiana should be used. Recommendations are provided for the optimal consumption of energy harvest of cysts in artemia breeding pools. In ponds designed to produce artemia, a large amount of lime should be added in the preparation stage, to increase the alkalinity of the water, such that with frequent fertilization until the end of the cycle, there is no reduction of pH in the water. The results indicate that at high salinity, artemia populations will decrease in the ponds and fewer cysts will be produced. Cytogenesis of Artemia urmiana occurs at low temperatures, such that cytogenesis should not be attempted during warm seasons.U radu je procijenjena energetska bilanca proizvodnje artemije na visoravni Fasandoz u području Miandoab. Istraživanje je obavljeno u 8 zemljanih bazena, dva površine 0,7 ha i šest površine 3 ha. Rezultati uzorkovanja industrijskog Istraživačkog centra na visoravni Fasandoz u zapadnoj azerbejdžanskoj provinciji pokazuju da proizvedena godišnja biomasa artemije prosječno iznosi 40 tona. S obzirom na energetsku efikasnost komponenti cista i odrasle artemije energetska bilanca je izračunata kao funkcija biomase i proteina. Količina i energetska efikasnost procijenjena je kao funkcija biomase na 0,048, a kao funkcija proteina na 0,018. Najveći postotak utrošene energije je zabilježen pri upotrebi kokošjeg gnojiva (47,74%) i benzina (29,4 %). Također su date preporuke za optimalnu energetsku iskoristivost cista artemije u uzgojnim bazenima. U pripremnoj je fazi potrebno koristiti velike količine vapna u zemljanim bazenima dizajniranim za uzgoj artemije kako bi se povećao alkalinitet vode i time do kraja ciklusa onemogućio eventualni pad pH izazvan frekventnim gnojenjem. Rezultati pokazuju da se pri visokom salinitetu brojnost populacije artemije i proizvodnja cista smanjuju. Do citogeneze Artemia urmiana dolazi pri niskim temperaturama, te ona ne može biti postignuta za vrijeme tople sezone

A Novel Integrated Approach to Oil Production Optimization and Limiting the Water Cut Using Intelligent Well Concept: Using Case Studies

Intelligent well technology has provided facility for real time production control through use of subsurface instrumentation. Early detection of water production allows for a prompt remedial action. Effective water control requires the appropriate performance of individual devices in wells on maintaining the equilibrium between water and oil production over the entire field life. However, there is still an incomplete understanding of using intelligent well concept to control unwanted fluids and the way this leads to improving hydrocarbon recovery. The present study proposes using intelligent well technology to develop a new integrated methodology for selecting/ranking the candidate wells/fields, interval control valve (ICV) size determination, and ICV setting optimization. Various technical and economical parameters weighted by expert opinions are used for candidate well/field ranking to implement the intelligent technology. A workflow is proposed for ICV size determination based on its effect on a predefined objective function. Inappropriate ICV size selection leads to suboptimum production scenarios. Furthermore, this study proposes an efficient ICV setting optimization in an intelligent well. The objective function can maximize cumulative oil, minimize water production, or conduct both. It was shown that for selecting the optimized cases, the balance between water and oil production under predefined criteria should be practiced. Real case studies were considered to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed methodology. A considerable improvement in the objective function was achieved using the developed methodology

Preparation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Against Truncated Recombinant Nuclear Matrix Protein (NMP22)

Background: Bladder cancer is a major worldwide health problem. Diagnosis of acute and chronic bladder carcinoma is based on the detection of a number of tumor markers such as nmp22 (nuclear matrix protein 22). Nmp22 is one of the tumor markers used for detecting the recurrence of bladder cancer. Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop hybrid cell producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), specifically for nmp22 using hybridoma technology. Materials and Methods: Complete and incomplete adjuvant with recombinant truncated nmp22 antigens were emulsified and injected to BALB/c mice. The spleen was removed and the splenocytes were fused with sp2/0 myeloma cells. Characterization of the produced mAb was carried out. Results: As a result of the fusion, hybridoma cells were produced and exhibited high- titer antibodies. By testing of colons based on the EnzymeLinkedImmunosorbent Assay (ELISA), 135hybridomacolonswere selected, out of whicheight high titer clones including 54D-6F-2E-36-7H-2A-8E-1D-6D were detected and one of the clones named FPR92 was selected, and the produced mAb was further characterized. The produced antibody belongs to the IgG class and its light chain was kappa. With respect to affinity, the mAb was included as high affinity 3�10-7 reacting with NMP22 recombinant protein .The western blot of cancerous bladder tissue showed the presence of 40 and 55 kD proteins as major bands that reacted with this mAb. Conclusions: Based on a double limiting dilution protocol, a type of monoclonal antibody, named FPR92 was produced and characterized. Keywords: Nmp22, Hybridoma, mAb, FPR92, Characterizatio

Characterization of Reservoir Heterogeneity by Capacitance-resistance Model in Water-flooding Projects

Tedious calculations and simulations are needed to obtain an efficient production scenario and/orproper field development strategy. Capacitance-resistance model (CRM) is proved to be a fastreservoir simulation tool using just the field-available data of production and injection rates. Thisapproach sets a time-constant and a weighting factor (or well-pair connectivity parameter) betweeneach pair of injection and production wells according to their histories. In this study, we investigatedthe behavior of the CRM parameters in synthetic reservoir models with different porosity andpermeability maps. Four reservoirs are considered with different porosities and permeabilities to studytheir effects on CRM response. We defined a new parameter, named error to mean production ratio(EMPR), to analyze the CRM performance. Some fluctuations are exerted on the production data toevaluate the capability of CRM against variable production records. Porosity showed a stronger effecton CRM parameters than the permeability based on the calculated EMPR. Unstable productionhistory would result in large error which can be corrected with some smoothing techniques onvariable production data. Also, a linear trend of EMPR was obtained with the change of porosity andpermeability or a combination of the two parameters within the reservoir

Single-phase Near-well Permeability Upscaling and Productivity Index Calculation Methods

Reservoir models with many grid blocks suffer from long run time; it is hence important to deliberate a method to remedy this drawback. Usual upscaling methods are proved to fail to reproduce fine grid model behaviors in coarse grid models in well proximity. This is attributed to rapid pressure changes in the near-well region. Standard permeability upscaling methods are limited to systems with linear pressure changes; therefore, special near-well upscaling approaches based on the well index concept are proposed for these regions with non-linear pressure profile. No general rule is available to calculate the proper well index in different heterogeneity patterns and coarsening levels. In this paper, the available near-well upscaling methods are investigated for homogeneous and heterogeneous permeability models at different coarsening levels. It is observed that the existing well index methods have limited success in reproducing the well flow and pressure behavior of the reference fine grid models as the heterogeneity or coarsening level increases. Coarse-scale well indexes are determined such that fine and coarse scale results for pressure are in agreement. Both vertical and horizontal wells are investigated and, for the case of vertical homogeneous wells, a linear relationship between the default (Peaceman) well index and the true (matched) well index is obtained, which considerably reduces the error of the Peaceman well index. For the case of heterogeneous vertical wells, a multiplier remedies the error. Similar results are obtained for horizontal wells (both heterogeneous and homogeneous models)