Nanostructured Cubosomes in a Thermoresponsive Depot System: An Alternative Approach for the Controlled Delivery of Docetaxel

The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a thermoresponsive depot system comprising of docetaxel-loaded cubosomes. The cubosomes were dispersed within a thermoreversible gelling system for controlled drug delivery. The cubosome dispersion was prepared by dilution method, followed by homogenization using glyceryl monooleate, ethanol and Pluronic® F127 in distilled water. The cubosome dispersion was then incorporated into a gelling system prepared with Pluronic®F127 and Pluronic® F68 in various ratios to formulate a thermoresponsive depot system. The thermoresponsive depot formulations undergo a thermoreversible gelation process i.e., they exists as free flowing liquids at room temperature, and transforms into gels at higher temperatures e.g., body temperature, to form a stable depot in aqueous environment. The mean particle size of the cubosomes in the dispersion prepared with Pluronic® F127, with and without the drug was found to be 170 and 280 nm, respectively. The prepared thermoresponsive depot system was evaluated by assessing various parameters like time for gelation, injectability, gel erosion, and in-vitro drug release. The drug-release studies of the cubosome dispersion before incorporation into the gelling system revealed that a majority (∼97%) of the drug was released within 12 h. This formulation also showed a short lag time (∼3 min). However, when incorpo- rated into a thermoresponsive depot system, the formulation exhibited an initial burst release of∼21%, and released only∼ 39% drug over a period of 12 h, thus indicating its potential as a controlled drug delivery system

Development and assessment of rutin loaded transfersomes to improve ex vivo membrane permeability and in vitro efficacy

The melanoma is the most dangerous kind of skin cancer begins in the melanocytes, or cells that make melanin, the pigment that gives your skin its color. Due to the need of local effect topical administration of anticancer drugs could be the best option for clinical therapy. Present study aimed to formulate transfersomes to enhance the skin penetration of rutin (Rtn). Rutin loaded transfersomes (RtnTFs) were formulated by employing central composite design (CCD) of experiment and comprising of various ratios of phospholipid 90H and sodium deoxycholate as independent variables. The assessment of critical parameters suggested higher encapsulation of Rtn and improved stability of formulation with significant drug release (P < 0.05). The RtnTFs shows higher cell inhibition on Murine skin Melanoma cell line (B16–F10). Further, formulated RtnTFs were incorporated in transdermal patches (TPs) to enhance skin deposition. However the higher deposition of about 0.921 ± 0.23 mg/cm3 of Rtn was observed. RtnTFs-TPs exhibited ideal morphological characteristics in scanning electron microscopic images. Ex-vivo skin diffusion studies revealed the sustained release of about 98 ± 0.26 % drug at the end of 36 h (P < 0.05). Skin irritancy study demonstrated the suitability of RtnTFs-TPs for dermal delivery and with higher stability. Hence the topical delivery with delayed release of drug by enhancing the solubility could be the promising strategy for efficient delivery of anticancer agents

Biogenic and biomimetic functionalized magnetic nanosystem: Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications

Biogenic and biomimetic nanosystems (BBS) are the advanced hybrid nanomaterial used for treatment and diagnosis. These nanosystems' true bench-to-bedside potential makes them a more promising approach for biomedical applications. These nanoparticles are synthesized using biological microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, etc. A biosynthetic process like extracellular and intracellular biosynthesis can quickly fabricate these nanoparticles. Extracellularly it can be produced from microorganisms and could be between 14 and 16 ​nm. The extracellular enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of biogenic and biomimetic nanosystems. Moreover, this has proven antifungal and antibacterial activities. Intracellularly, ions can conduct biosynthesis by ions, and crystalline nanosystems can be produced. The present review discusses the various biosynthetic procedures for synthesizing organic and inorganic hybrid nanosystems; additionally, the functionalization of nanosystems is also reported. An external magnetic field is also discussed to target the drug encapsulated in the magnetic nanosystem. The properties of the BBS required for getting the desired outcome in terms of their efficiency and targeted delivery of drugs and the diagnostic property are also given. This review also reports the biomedical applications of these hybrid nanosystems

Magnetic nanosystem a tool for targeted delivery and diagnostic application: Current challenges and recent advancement

Over the last two decades, researchers have paid more attention to magnetic nanosystems due to their wide application in diverse fields. The metal nanomaterials' antimicrobial and biocidal properties make them an essential nanosystem for biomedical applications. Moreover, the magnetic nanosystems could have also been used for diagnosis and treatment because of their magnetic, optical, and fluorescence properties. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and quantum dots (QDs) are the most widely used magnetic nanosystems prepared by a simple process. By surface modification, researchers have recently been working on conjugating metals like silica, copper, and gold with magnetic nanosystems. This hybridization of the nanosystems modifies the structural characteristics of the nanomaterials and helps to improve their efficacy for targeted drug and gene delivery. The hybridization of metals with various nanomaterials like micelles, cubosomes, liposomes, and polymeric nanomaterials is gaining more interest due to their nanometer size range and nontoxic, biocompatible nature. Moreover, they have good injectability and higher targeting ability by accumulation at the target site by application of an external magnetic field. The present article discussed the magnetic nanosystem in more detail regarding their structure, properties, interaction with the biological system, and diagnostic applications

Preparation of Terbinafin-Encapsulated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Antifungal Carbopol&reg; Hydrogel with Improved Efficacy: In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Study

The present research was aimed to develop a terbinafin hydrochloride (TH)-encapsulated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) hydrogel for improved antifungal efficacy. TH-loaded SLNs were obtained from glyceryl monostearate (lipid) and Pluronic&reg; F68 (surfactant) employing high-pressure homogenization. The ratio of drug with respect to lipid was optimized, considering factors such as desired particle size and highest percent encapsulation efficiency. Lyophilized SLNs were then incorporated in the hydrogel prepared from 0.2&ndash;1.0% w/v carbopol 934P and further evaluated for rheological parameters. The z-average, zeta potential and polydispersity index were found to be 241.3 nm, &minus;15.2 mV and 0.415, respectively. The SLNs show a higher entrapment efficiency of about 98.36%, with 2.12 to 6.3602% drug loading. SEM images, XRD and the results of the DSC, FTIR show successful preparation of SLNs after freeze drying. The TH-loaded SLNs hydrogel showed sustained drug release (95.47 &plusmn; 1.45%) over a period of 24 h. The results reported in this study show a significant effect on the zone of inhibition than the marketed formulation and pure drug in Candida albicans cultures, with better physical stability at cooler temperatures. It helped to enhance skin deposition inthe ex vivostudy and improved, in vitro and in vivo, the antifungal activity