270 research outputs found

    Conventions de terminal et concessions de service

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    De l'Etat entrepreneur Ă  l'Etat protecteur - Articles 152 et 153 du PACTE

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    Commentaires des dispositions des articles 152 et 153 de la loi n°2019-486 du 22 mai 2019 relative à la croissance et la transformation des entreprises (PACTE

    From Space to SPAC

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    Le droit des activitĂ©s spatiales tel qu’articulĂ© autour des principes Ă©noncĂ©s par les traitĂ©s historiques et de lois nationales qui se sont depuis lors multipliĂ©es est encore pour un temps, le droit international du marchĂ© des activitĂ©s spatiales au sens d’un encadrement du marchĂ© par le droit international (I). Mais il pourrait devenir si l’on n’y porte pas une attention suffisante, le droit du marchĂ© international des activitĂ©s spatiales, ce marchĂ© fixant ses propres rĂšgles et finissant par les imposer aux Etats, sous la forme de contrats commerciaux conclus entre opĂ©rateurs, instituĂ©s en une source juridique autonome et hors du contrĂŽle de la communautĂ© internationale et sans doute, Ă  terme, de la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation des usages de la blockchain dans l’espace extra-atmosphĂ©rique (II)

    Les MOOCs, révolution ou désillusion?

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    AnnoncĂ©s avec fracas en 2012, les MOOCS – massive open online courses – devaient porter en eux les germes d’une triple rĂ©volution, technologique, Ă©conomique et pĂ©dagogique. Il s’agissait, grĂące au numĂ©rique, de dĂ©matĂ©rialiser la transmission mĂȘme du savoir. Les MOOCs devaient aussi mettre un terme Ă  la « malĂ©diction des coĂ»ts croissants » qui avait jusqu’ici affectĂ© un secteur de l’enseignement supĂ©rieur aux gains de productivitĂ© inexistants. DerriĂšre ces outils enfin, c’était une conception renouvelĂ©e de l’apprentissage qui se profilait, au travers de la promotion d’une supposĂ©e co-construction des savoirs par les Ă©tudiants eux-mĂȘmes. Qu’en est-il rĂ©ellement ? Pour certains, les MOOCS sont une innovation de rupture ; pour d’autres, un moteur de la remise en question des modes d’éducation traditionnels. Les MOOCs comportent dans tous les cas une part de mythe, que ce rapport s’attache Ă  dĂ©construire, tout en montrant que les MOOCs ont vocation Ă  rĂ©pondre Ă  une demande sociale et Ă©ducative, sans concurrencer pour autant l’enseignement prĂ©sentiel. Dans cette perspective, l’Institut de l’entreprise, aprĂšs avoir tirĂ© le bilan des premiĂšres expĂ©riences de MOOCs en cours, invite les pouvoirs publics europĂ©ens et les entreprises Ă  se saisir du sujet de la numĂ©risation de l’enseignement supĂ©rieur. Il formule Ă  cette fin quelques propositions qui ont l’intĂ©rĂȘt de prendre en compte les premiers enseignements qui se dĂ©gagent de l’expĂ©rience nord-amĂ©ricaine

    De l'Etat entrepreneur Ă  l'Etat protecteur - Articles 152 et 153 du PACTE

    Get PDF
    Commentaires des dispositions des articles 152 et 153 de la loi n°2019-486 du 22 mai 2019 relative à la croissance et la transformation des entreprises (PACTE

    From Space to SPAC

    Get PDF
    Le droit des activitĂ©s spatiales tel qu’articulĂ© autour des principes Ă©noncĂ©s par les traitĂ©s historiques et de lois nationales qui se sont depuis lors multipliĂ©es est encore pour un temps, le droit international du marchĂ© des activitĂ©s spatiales au sens d’un encadrement du marchĂ© par le droit international (I). Mais il pourrait devenir si l’on n’y porte pas une attention suffisante, le droit du marchĂ© international des activitĂ©s spatiales, ce marchĂ© fixant ses propres rĂšgles et finissant par les imposer aux Etats, sous la forme de contrats commerciaux conclus entre opĂ©rateurs, instituĂ©s en une source juridique autonome et hors du contrĂŽle de la communautĂ© internationale et sans doute, Ă  terme, de la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation des usages de la blockchain dans l’espace extra-atmosphĂ©rique (II)

    Small Satellite Constellations, Infrastructure Shift and Space Market Regulation

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    With the commissioning of the first constellations of hundreds or even thousands of small satellites, we are witnessing today an infrastructure shift. While it has not completely distanced the exploration and use of outer space from the dramatic geopolitical and military implications they once entailed for States, it is undoubtedly transforming this realm into a new economic frontier of competition, with its predominant players, this time being private profit-driven actors sensitive to market forces. As the exploitation of outer space becomes more economically viable, new commercial services should emerge through the deployment of SmallSat constellations and the provision of services by means thereof, creating a risk of increased dependency of the services consumed on earth on these newinfrastructures. Therefore, new legal challenges pertaining to competition, foreign investment and the global economy as a whole do arise

    Small Satellite Constellations, Infrastructure Shift and Space Market Regulation

    Get PDF
    With the commissioning of the first constellations of hundreds or even thousands of small satellites, we are witnessing today an infrastructure shift. While it has not completely distanced the exploration and use of outer space from the dramatic geopolitical and military implications they once entailed for States, it is undoubtedly transforming this realm into a new economic frontier of competition, with its predominant players, this time being private profit-driven actors sensitive to market forces. As the exploitation of outer space becomes more economically viable, new commercial services should emerge through the deployment of SmallSat constellations and the provision of services by means thereof, creating a risk of increased dependency of the services consumed on earth on these newinfrastructures. Therefore, new legal challenges pertaining to competition, foreign investment and the global economy as a whole do arise

    Reinventing treaty compliant ‘‘safety zones’’ in the context of space sustainability

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    This paper questions the concept of safety zones, tracing it to maritime and military law, in order to unpack its potential legal uses, applications and implications in the current context of the New Space economy. To achieve this, it starts by investigating the historical foundations of safety zones rooted in the Cold-War-era legal literature and then move on to a larger discussion of how such zones can be balanced with the non-appropriation principle. Then, this paper examines a number of legal analogies, as they appear in maritime law, aviation law as well as relevant examples in outer-space law. Lastly, it attempts to sketch the outline of a “solution ”that identifies the criteria, to be used in order to model a potential safety zone that strikes a balance between the industry’s growing concerns and requirements on one hand, and the legal prohibitions that preclude sovereign claims on outer space on the other hand. Particular attention is given to the special case of the United States’ extraterritorial jurisdiction in outer space

    Reinventing treaty compliant ‘‘safety zones’’ in the context of space sustainability

    Get PDF
    This paper questions the concept of safety zones, tracing it to maritime and military law, in order to unpack its potential legal uses, applications and implications in the current context of the New Space economy. To achieve this, it starts by investigating the historical foundations of safety zones rooted in the Cold-War-era legal literature and then move on to a larger discussion of how such zones can be balanced with the non-appropriation principle. Then, this paper examines a number of legal analogies, as they appear in maritime law, aviation law as well as relevant examples in outer-space law. Lastly, it attempts to sketch the outline of a “solution ”that identifies the criteria, to be used in order to model a potential safety zone that strikes a balance between the industry’s growing concerns and requirements on one hand, and the legal prohibitions that preclude sovereign claims on outer space on the other hand. Particular attention is given to the special case of the United States’ extraterritorial jurisdiction in outer space
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