Enchimento de grãos e composição de ácidos graxos em plantas de cártamo adubadas com fertilizante nitrogenado e biofertilizantes

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the integrated application of nitrogen fertilizer and biofertilizers on the yield, grain filling period, and composition of fatty acids of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Split-plot experiments were carried out during the 2011 and 2012 crop seasons. The treatments consisted of seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5, Azospirillum lipoferum strain F, and Pseudomonas putida strain 186) in the subplots, including a control without seed inoculation; and of the application of N fertilizer at different rates (60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1 urea) in the main plots, including a control without N. The highest grain yield, grain filling period, and effective grain filling period were obtained by the application of 180 kg ha-1 urea and by seed inoculation with P. putida. The application of high N rates and P. putida inoculation resulted in 25.66% increase of the potential rate of grain filling. Biofertilizer inoculation in seed reduced the contents of saturated fatty acids (palmetic and stearic acids) and increased the contents of unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids). The suitable amount of N fertilizer (between 120 and 180 kg ha-1 urea) can improve plant growth, and the quantity and quality of oil in seeds treated with P. putida in safflower plants.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação integrada de fertilizante nitrogenado e biofertilizantes sobre o rendimento, o período de enchimento de grãos e a composição de ácidos graxos de cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em parcelas subdividas, durante as safras 2011 e 2012. Os tratamentos consistiram da inoculação de rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas (Azotobacter chroococcum estirpe 5, Azospirillum lipoferum estirpe F e Pseudomonas putida estirpe 186) nas sementes, nas subparcelas, com um controle sem inoculação; e da aplicação de diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada (60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de ureia) nas parcelas principais, com um controle sem aplicação de N. O maior rendimento de grãos, o maior período de enchimento de grãos e o período efetivo de enchimento de grãos foram obtidos com a aplicação de 180 kg ha-1 de ureia e com a inoculação de P. putida nas sementes. A aplicação de altas doses de N e a inoculação com P. putida resultaram no aumento de 25,66% da taxa potencial de enchimento de grãos. A inoculação de biofertilizantes nas sementes reduziu o teor de ácidos graxos saturados (ácidos palmítico e esteárico) e incrementou os ácidos graxos insaturados (ácidos linoleico, linolênico e oleico). A aplicação da quantidade adequada de adubação nitrogenada (120 a 180 kg ha-1 de ureia) pode melhorar o crescimento de plantas e a quantidade e a qualidade do óleo das sementes tratadas com P. putida, em plantas de cártamo

Evaluation of Yield and Growth Indices of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Cultivars in Different Nitrogen Fertililization Levels

In order to evaluation of effects of different nitrogen fertilization levels on yield and growth indices of canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars, an split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in Research Farm Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch in 2007. Factors were: nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (0 as control, 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha) in the main plots and canola cultivars at three levels (Clover, Opera  and Okape) in the sub plots. The results showed that various levels of nitrogen fertilizer affected yield and growth indices of Brassica napus. Means comparisons in compound of treatment cultivar x levels of nitrogen showed that maximum grain yield was obtained by the plots which was applied 150 kg nitrogen/ha with opera cultivar. Investigation of variances trend of total dry matter indicated that in all of treatment compounds, it increased slowly until 215 days after sowing with increasing of nitrogen fertilizer and then increased rapidly till 299 days after sowing. From 299 days after sowing till harvest time, it decreased due to increasing aging of leaves and decreasing of leaf area index. Increase in N levels also significantly increased the crop growth rate and the maximum of it was observed by the plots that received 150 kg N/ha with opera cultivar. In addition, in all of treatment compounds, CGR increased slowly until 243 days after sowing and then decreased slowly till 257 days after sowing. From 257 days after sowing till harvest time, it decreased due to increasing aging of leaves and decreasing of leaf area index. Thus, it can be suggested that in order to increasing of grain yield, total dry matter crop growth rate and the other of physiological indices should be applied opera cultivar with 150  kg N ha-1 in conditions of Ardabil Plain

Simulating Photosynthesis, Respiration and Dry Matter Production in Annual Crops

Crop simulation model, mathematical exhibition of physiological different process of crop growth and development and its response to environmental factors. Then the aim of  this study is to provide a computer model for simulating photosynthetic, respiration and dry matter production in annuls crop. In this model daily gross canopy photosynthetic rate is a fraction of the maximum photosynthetic rate of a fully developed canopy at light saturation. For calculation of that, leaf area index based on the relative length of the four different crop development stage is calculated. Leaf area index, minimum and maximum daily temperature and daily radiation as model inputs were considered. After calculating gross photosynthetic rate, growth and maintenance respiration waste minus its and daily dry matter is calculated based on conversion efficiency coefficient. Sunflower data is used for testing of model. Regression of simulated over observed dry matter yield and leaf area index showed a good correspondence between predicted and observed dry matter yield and leaf area index. R2  for both  dry matter yield and leaf area index were more than 0.95 suggesting that the model was successful in growth and yield crop

Modeling Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)

Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is one of the most important oil seed crops in Iran. In spite of very progressing in production mechanization and varieties breeding, weather is still one of the most important determining factors for growth and production crops. Under optimal water and nutrient supply, radiation and temperature are two important factors for determining of production and dry matter accumulation. Quantification of the effect of radiation and effect of temperature on growth and yield of sunflower is important in selecting this crop for different agro-climatic situation. Environmental limitations in production at each regional can be evaluated using a crop simulation model and prolong weather data. The model operates simulation daily and it has four segments include simulation of leaf area index, light interception, dry matter production and seed yield. For testing model, the capability of the model was determined to predicting of leaf area index and accumulated dry matter production. Paired data of observed and simulated for both leaf area index and accumulated dry matter were tested by t test. Between paired data were not significant (α =0.05). Also linear regression between observed and simulated values for leaf area index and accumulated dry matter explained more than 95% of variability

Germination and the Biochemical Response of Pumpkin Seeds to Different Concentrations of Humic Acid under Cadmium Stress

The poisoning of heavy metals and their accumulation in food chains are major environmental and health risks. There have been several reports that determined that pumpkins tend to collect small amounts of nitrate or heavy metals. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of organic matter (humic acid) on the germination and activity of antioxidant enzymes, glycosylate cycle enzymes, and utilization of lipid and protein reserves of pumpkin seeds under cadmium stress conditions. An experiment was conducted to quantify the germination response and biochemical change of pumpkin seeds to the use of humic acid under cadmium stress conditions. The treatments were cadmium at three levels (0 (control), 100, and 200 mg.L-1) and humic acid at five levels (0 (control), 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg.L-1). Linear and sigmoidal models were used to investigate the trend of trait changes. The results show that changes in the germination percentage and seed vigor were affected by applying humic acid and cadmium stress. The highest germination percentage for pumpkins was observed without stress and cadmium stress at a concentration of 200 mg.L-1. The results of quantification for the germination and seed vigor also showed that the model of germination changes by the use of humic acid was sigmoidal in non-stress and cadmium stress conditions of 100 mg.L-1, but it was linear for seed vigor in the stress conditions of 200 mg.L-1. The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, isocitrate lyase, and malate synthase was also affected by the simultaneous use of humic acid and cadmium stress, and the trend of their changes was linear

Investigating the effect of input consumption on land depletion and the potential for damage to environmental pollutants in the climatic conditions of Gorgan and Zahedan

Nowadays, following the development of agriculture, there are concerns about adverse environmental consequences such as water, soil, air pollution, reduced fertility, soil erosion, and depletion of resources based on the use of non-renewable inputs that need to be addressed. It's about. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of input consumption on land depletion and the potential for damage to environmental pollutants in the climatic conditions of Gorgan and Zahedan during the 2019-2020 crop year. In this study, the fuel consumption of diesel, water, vermicompost fertilizer, use of nitrogen fertilizer nano-chelate, phosphorus nano-chelate and potassium nano-chelate, and complete use of chemical fertilizer (from urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulfate) as inputs were considered prone to environmental damage. In general, for the production of one ton of portulaca oleracea, Gorgan city creates less environmental burdens than Zahedan city due to less consumption of inputs in all sectors. Based on the results of the final index, it can be concluded that among the impact groups, the impact group of global warming with a value of 5.819 kg (kg CO2 eq.) in Zahedan city and 5.814 kg (kg CO2 eq.) in Gorgan city in the production of one ton of portulaca oleracea has more potential for environmental damage than other impacts, then the impact group of fossil resources depletion at the rate of 4.489 MJ / kg (kg equivalent to crude oil) in both Zahedan and Gorgan has the potential Environmental damage. Based on the evaluation results of the environmental index (Eco-X) and resource depletion index (RDI) for the production of one ton of portulaca oleracea, Zahedan city has a higher environmental index (Eco-X = 5.819) than Gorgan city (Eco-X = 814.5) showed and created more environmental burdens. However, the resource depletion index (RDI), considering the 100-year target time interval, which means the time when the resource is expected to be available, is for Zahedan city (RDI = 7.677) and Gorgan city was calculated at the rate of (RDI = 5.945)

Evaluation of Yield, Dry Matter Accumulation and Leaf Area Index in Wheat Genotypes as Affected by Terminal Drought Stress

Grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Mediterranean conditions is frequently limited by both high temperature and drought during grain growth. In this region, most rain falls during autumn and winter and water deficit emerges in the spring, resulting in a moderate stress for rainfed wheat around anthesis, which increases in severity throughout grain filling. Hence, selection of genotypes with high grain yield is the principal aim of wheat production in this region. In order to evaluation of yield and dry matter accumulation in wheat genotypes as affected by terminal drought stress, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in Research Farm Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch in 2009. Factors were: terminal drought stress by changing in planting date at three levels (12 October, 1 November and 21 November) with wheat (Triticu aestivum L.) genotypes at four levels (�Azar-2�, �Sardari�, �Frankia� and �Trakia�). The results showed that various levels of terminal drought stress affected yield, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index in wheat genotypes. Means comparisons showed that maximum grain yield (183.18 gr/m2) was obtained at the first of planting date or the least duration of confronting with thermal drought stress in �Azar-2� genotype and minimum of it was obtained in the third planting date with �Trakia� genotype due to the highest duration of confronting with thermal drought stress. Investigation of variances trend of dry matter accumulation indicated that in all of treatment compounds, it increased slowly until 190-200 days after sowing and then increased rapidly till 270-280 days after sowing. From 280 days after sowing till harvest time, it decreased due to increasing aging of leaves and decreasing of leaf area index. In the other hand, wheat genotypes had difference response to dry matter accumulation in confronting with thermal drought stress. Decrease in duration of terminal drought stress also significantly increased the leaf area index and the maximum of it was observed by the plots that were applied in the first planting date with �Azar-2� genotype. In all of treatment compounds, LAI increased slowly until 190-200 days after sowing and then decreased slowly till 240-250 days after sowing. From 240-250 days after sowing till harvest time, it decreased rapidly due to hasten leaf senescence in confronting with terminal drought stress. Thus, it can be suggested that in order to increasing of grain yield, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index should be applied �Azar-2� genotype with the first planting date(12 October ) in conditions of Ardabil Plain in Iran

Effects of nano iron oxide on yield, chlorophyll fluorescence indices and some physiological traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rain fed and supplementary irrigation conditions

In order to study the effects of nano iron oxide on yield, chlorophyll fluorescence indices and some physiological traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rain fed and supplementary irrigation conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Research Station of Ardabil in 2016. Factors experiment were included irrigation levels (no irrigation as rain fed, supplementary irrigation at heading and booting stages), foliar application nano iron oxide in four levels (without nano iron oxide as control, application of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g L -1 ). Means comparison showed that 0.9 g L -1 nano iron oxide application and supplementary irrigation at booting stage increased maximum fluorescence (F m ), variable fluorescence (F v ), chlorophyll content, nitrogen percentage, relative water content and grain yield compared to non-application of nano iron oxide under rain fed condition. Rain fed condition increased minimum fluorescence (F 0 ) and electrical conductivity. Foliar application of 0.9 g L -1 nano iron oxide and supplementary irrigation at booting stage increased grain yield 38.43% compared to no foliar application under rain fed condition

Condicionamento osmótico das sementes e disponibilidade de enxofre na estabilidade da membrana celular e produtividade de soja em solo salino

The objective of this work was to determine the effects of seed priming and sulfur application on cell membrane characteristics, seedling emergence, chlorophyll content and grain yield of soybean (Glycine max) in saline soil. A complete-block design in 4x3 factorial arrangement with three replicates was used to test four types of seed priming (water, auxin, gibberellin and non-priming) and three levels of sulfate availability (0, 70 and 140 kg ha-1 K2SO4). The soil had a silty loam texture with an electrical conductivity of 3.61 ds m-1, a pH of 8.2 and a saturation percentage of about 46%. Seed priming had significant effects on mean emergence rate (MER), emergence percentage, relative water content (RWC) of leaves, relative chlorophyll content, time of maturity, shoot length and grain yield. The highest values for these variables were observed in the priming treatments, except for the time of maturity. Sulfur application had significant effects on MER, shoot length, RWC, membrane injury index and grain yield. Priming treatments provide greater emergence rates and grain yields and interact sinergicaly with sulfur rates.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os efeitos do condicionamento osmótico das sementes e da disponibilidade de enxofre sobre características da membrana celular, emergência de plântulas, conteúdo relativo de clorofila e produtividade de soja (Glycine max) em solo salino. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 4x3, com três repetições, para avaliar quatro tipos de condicionamento osmótico das sementes (água, auxina, giberelina e ausência de condicionamento) e três níveis de disponibilidade de enxofre para as plantas (aplicação ao solo de 0, 70 e 140 kg ha-1 de K2SO4). O solo utilizado apresentava textura média, com condutividade elétrica de aproximadamente 3,61 ds m-1, pH de 8,2 e percentagem de saturação em torno de 46%. O condicionamento osmótico das sementes teve efeito significativo sobre a taxa média de emergência (MER), percentagem de emergência, conteúdo relativo de água das folhas (RWC), conteúdo relativo de clorofila, época de maturação, comprimento da parte aérea e produtividade de grãos. Os maiores valores para essas variáveis, exceto época de maturação, foram observados nos tratamentos com condicionamento osmótico. A aplicação de enxofre teve efeito significativo sobre MER, comprimento da parte aérea, RWC, índice de dano à membrana celular, e produtividade de grãos. O condicionamento osmótico proporciona maiores taxas de emergência e produtividade de grãos e interage significativamente com a aplicação de enxofre