Etnomedicinska vrijednost ekstrakta biljke Cissampelos pareira u eksperimentalno induciranoj dijareji

The antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethanolic extract of Cissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae) roots was assessed on experimental animals. The hydroethanolic extract (25-100 mg dry extract kg-1 body mass, p.o.) exhibited a dose dependent decrease in the total number of faecal droppings (control 65, reduced to 26-46) and 29.2-60.0% inhibition in castor oil-induced diarrhoea. Further, C. pareira produced a significant (p < 0.01) and dose dependent reduction in intestinal fluids accumulation (26.0-59.0%). The extract showed a greater inhibitory effect on the concentration of Na+ (20.0 and 34.5%) than or the concentration of K+ (6.7 and 9.4%). The extract also reduced dose dependently the gastrointestinal transit from 46.4 and 38.7%, equivalent to 53.6 and 61.3%. However, C. pareira significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation and inhibited the decrease in antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase and catalase) on prior administration to castor oil-induced fluid accumulation. The extract of C. pareira had no effect on normal defecation at 25 mg kg-1 in mice. However, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 inhibited defecation by 100% in the initial 2 h and the activity was reduced to 40.0 and 73.0%, respectively, in the third hour.U radu je ispitivano antidijaroičko djelovanje etanolnog ekstrakta korijena biljke Cissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae) na štakorima i miševima. Perooralna primjena ekstrakta u dozi 25100 mg kg-1 izazivala je o dozi ovisno smanjenje količine fekalija ili broja defekacija ??? (26 i 46 u odnosu na 65 u kontrolnoj skupini) i 29,260,0% inhibicije dijareje uzrokovane ricinusovim uljem. Nadalje, Cissampelos pareira je urokovala značajnu (p 0,01) i o dozi ovisnu inhibiciju nakupljanja intestinalne tekućine (26,059,0%). Inhibitorni učinak ekstrakta na koncentraciju Na+ (20,0 i 34,5%) bio je veći nego na koncentraciju K+ (6,7 i 9,4%). Osim toga ekstrakt je reducirao gastrointestinalni tranzit od 46,4 i 38,7%, što je ekvivalentno s 53,6, odnosno 61,3%. Međutim, Cissampelos pareira značajno je smanjila peroksidaciju lipida i inhibirala je snanjenje koncentracije antioksidativnih enzima (superoksid dismutaze i katalaze) ako se primjeni prije ricinusovog ulja. Ekstrakt biljke Cissampelos pareira nije imao učinak na normalnu defekaciju ako je primjenjen na miševima u dozi 25 mg kg-1. Međutim doza od 50, odnosno 100 mg kg-1 inhibirala je defekaciju 100% početna dva sata, dok treći sat smanjila je defekaciju za 40,0, odnosno 73,0%

Etnomedicinska vrijednost ekstrakta biljke Cissampelos pareira u eksperimentalno induciranoj dijareji

The antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethanolic extract of Cissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae) roots was assessed on experimental animals. The hydroethanolic extract (25-100 mg dry extract kg-1 body mass, p.o.) exhibited a dose dependent decrease in the total number of faecal droppings (control 65, reduced to 26-46) and 29.2-60.0% inhibition in castor oil-induced diarrhoea. Further, C. pareira produced a significant (p < 0.01) and dose dependent reduction in intestinal fluids accumulation (26.0-59.0%). The extract showed a greater inhibitory effect on the concentration of Na+ (20.0 and 34.5%) than or the concentration of K+ (6.7 and 9.4%). The extract also reduced dose dependently the gastrointestinal transit from 46.4 and 38.7%, equivalent to 53.6 and 61.3%. However, C. pareira significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation and inhibited the decrease in antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase and catalase) on prior administration to castor oil-induced fluid accumulation. The extract of C. pareira had no effect on normal defecation at 25 mg kg-1 in mice. However, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 inhibited defecation by 100% in the initial 2 h and the activity was reduced to 40.0 and 73.0%, respectively, in the third hour.U radu je ispitivano antidijaroičko djelovanje etanolnog ekstrakta korijena biljke Cissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae) na štakorima i miševima. Perooralna primjena ekstrakta u dozi 25100 mg kg-1 izazivala je o dozi ovisno smanjenje količine fekalija ili broja defekacija ??? (26 i 46 u odnosu na 65 u kontrolnoj skupini) i 29,260,0% inhibicije dijareje uzrokovane ricinusovim uljem. Nadalje, Cissampelos pareira je urokovala značajnu (p 0,01) i o dozi ovisnu inhibiciju nakupljanja intestinalne tekućine (26,059,0%). Inhibitorni učinak ekstrakta na koncentraciju Na+ (20,0 i 34,5%) bio je veći nego na koncentraciju K+ (6,7 i 9,4%). Osim toga ekstrakt je reducirao gastrointestinalni tranzit od 46,4 i 38,7%, što je ekvivalentno s 53,6, odnosno 61,3%. Međutim, Cissampelos pareira značajno je smanjila peroksidaciju lipida i inhibirala je snanjenje koncentracije antioksidativnih enzima (superoksid dismutaze i katalaze) ako se primjeni prije ricinusovog ulja. Ekstrakt biljke Cissampelos pareira nije imao učinak na normalnu defekaciju ako je primjenjen na miševima u dozi 25 mg kg-1. Međutim doza od 50, odnosno 100 mg kg-1 inhibirala je defekaciju 100% početna dva sata, dok treći sat smanjila je defekaciju za 40,0, odnosno 73,0%

Nephroprotective activity of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract against gentamicin–induced nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction in experimental rodents

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate nephroprotective potential of Solanum xanthocarpum (S. xanthocarpum) fruit extract(SXE) against gentamicin (GM) induced nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction.MethodsTwenty-four Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=6). Control rats that received normal saline (i.p.) and 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (p.o.) per day for 8 d. Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of GM (100 mg/kg/d for 8 d) and were treated with SXE (200 and 400 mg/kg/d (p.o.) for 8 d). Plasma and urine urea and creatinine, kidney weight, urine output, blood urea nitrogen, renal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation was evaluated along with histopathological investigation in various experimental groupsof rats.ResultsIt was observed that the GM treatment induced significant elevation (P<0.001) in plasma and urine urea, creatinine, kidney weight, blood urea nitrogen, renal lipid peroxidation along with significant decrement (P<0.001) in urine output, renal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. SXE 200 and 400 mg/kg treatment to GM treated rats recorded significant decrement (up to P<0.001) in plasma and urine urea and creatinine, renal lipid peroxidation along with significant increment (up to P<0.001) in renal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Histological observations of kidney tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations.ConclusionsThese finding powerfully supports that S. xanthocarpum fruit extract acts in the kidney as a potent scavenger of free radicals to prevent the toxic effects of GM both in the biochemical and histopathological parameters and thus validates its ethnomedicinal use

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ACACIA NILOTICA (BARK) AGAINST ANTI TUBERCULAR DRUG INDUCED HEPATIC DAMAGE AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Objective: Protective Effect of Acacia nilotica (Bark) against anti tubercular drugs induced hepatic damage an experimental study. Methods: Rats were divided into five different groups (n=6), the group I served as a control, Group II received Isoniazid-INH and rifampicin-RIF(50mg/kg) in sterile water, group III and IV served as treatment and received 200,400 mg/kg of 50% ethonolic extract of A. nilotica, and group V served as standard group and received silymarin (100mg/kg). All the treatments were given for 10-28 days and after rats were euthenised, blood and liver was collected for biochemical and histopathological studies, respectively. Results: The 50% ethanolic bark extract of A. nilotica (200, 400 mg/kg p. o.) showed the remarkable hepatoprotective effect against Isoniazid-INH and rifampicin-RIF induced hepatic damage, and observed that it shows no any significant change in a normal posture, behavior and body weight in Wistar rats. The degree of protection was measured by biochemical and antioxidant parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and the histopathological profile of liver also indicated the hepatoprotective nature of this drug. Conclusion: The bark extracts of A. nilotica has showed dose dependent activity, among which at the dose level of 200 &amp; 400 mg/kg. The further investigations, the bark extract of Acacia nilotica identify the active constituents responsible for hepatoprotection

Self microemulsifying formulation of Lagerstroemia speciosa against chemically induced hepatotoxicity

Self microemulsifying formulation is an approach used for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble molecules due to their lipidic nature and small particle size. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of poorly soluble hydroxy- and polyhydroxy-organic phytomolecules rich Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves extract in modern formulation i.e. “Self microemulsifying System”. Different doses of SME (Self microemulsifying) formulation of L. speciosa leaves extract were evaluated for the hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced liver toxicity in rats. The parameters evaluated were (a) biochemical parameters like serum enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (b) liver antioxidant parameters as estimation of Lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH). Oral administration of SME formulation provided the significant protection in marker enzyme of treated group at 100 mg/kg, p.o. as AST (P < 0.001), ALT (P < 0.001), ALP (P < 0.001) and total bilirubin (P < 0.001) comparable to the group treated with silymarin. Treatment with SME formulation at the doses of 100 mg/kg, p.o. significantly prevented the rise in levels of LPO significantly (P < 0.001). The GSH, SOD and CAT contents had significantly (P < 0.001) increased in SME formulation treated groups whereas carbon tetrachloride intoxicated group had shown significant decrease in these parameters compared to control group. Formulation at the dose 100 mg/kg, p.o. has shown maximum protection which was almost comparable to those of the normal control and standard. The histological observations further uphold the results for hepatoprotective activity

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Potential of Phenolics-Enriched Fraction of Anogeissus acuminata Leaf against Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Anogeissus acuminata is used to treat wounds, diarrhoea, dysentery, and skin ailments. However, its hepatoprotective effect against ethanol-induced liver damage is yet to be reported. The phenolic-enriched ethyl acetate fraction of Anogeissus acuminata (AAE) was evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against ethanol-induced liver toxicity in rats. The intoxicated animals were treated with a phenolic-rich fraction of Anogeissus acuminata (AAE) (100 and 200 mg/kg) and silymarin (100 mg/kg). The antioxidant activity of AAE was analysed. Biochemical markers (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and TBL) for liver injury in ethanol-administered animals resulted in higher levels of key serum biochemical injury markers, as evidenced by increased levels of ALT (127.24 &plusmn; 3.95), AST (189.54 &plusmn; 7.56), ALP (263.88 &plusmn; 12.96), GGT (91.65 &plusmn; 3.96), and TBL (2.85 &plusmn; 0.12) compared to Group I ALT (38.67 &plusmn; 3.84), AST (64.45 &plusmn; 5.97), GGT (38.67 &plusmn; 3.84), and TBL (0.53 &plusmn; 064) (p &lt; 0.05). AAE administration decreased serum biochemical liver injury markers as manifested in Group III animals&rsquo; ALT (79.56 &plusmn; 5.16), AST (151.76 &plusmn; 6.16), ALP (184.67 &plusmn; 10.12), GGT (68.24 &plusmn; 4.05), TBL (1.66 &plusmn; 0.082) (p &lt; 0.05), and Group IV ALT (55.54 &plusmn; 4.35), AST (78.79 &plusmn; 4.88), ALP (81.96 &plusmn; 9.43), GGT (47.32 &plusmn; 2.95), TBL (0.74 &plusmn; 0.075) (p &lt; 0.05). Group IV exhibited the most significant reduction in serum biochemical markers as compared to Group III (p &lt; 0.05) and close to silymarin-treated Group V ALT (44.42 &plusmn; 3.15), AST (74.45 &plusmn; 5.75), ALP (67.32 &plusmn; 9.14), GGT (42.43 &plusmn; 2.54), TBL (0.634 &plusmn; 0.077). Gene expression indices and histoarchitecture were evaluated to demonstrate the potential of AAE. The bioactive fraction of Anogeissus acuminata was rich in phenolics and flavonoid content. GC&ndash;MS analysis identified gallic acid, palmitic acid, cis-10-heptadecenoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, epigallocatechin, 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone, and catechin. Oral administration of AAE (100 and 200 mg/kg) lowered the elevated levels of the biochemical markers and interleukin, and enhanced the level of enzymatic antioxidant. It also downregulated the expression level of proapoptotic genes and upregulated the expression level of the antiapoptotic gene along with improved liver histopathology