Titanium as an Automotive Material

Titanium alloys have made entry into automotive industry and the future trends indicate good prospects of growth for this material. Many modern desingns of high speed and sports car have incorporated substantial quality titanium in their making. The paper reviews the titanium alloys and their processing and the status of titanium technology in the country. A case for promotion of titanium in the automotive sector is also presented

Technology trends in the extractive metallurgy of zirconium, titanium, tantalum and niobium

The reactive and refractory metals zirconium, titanium, tantalum and niobium have been in commercial production and industrial application over the last 30 years and more. With growing experience, there has been progressive improvement in process and equipment designs in the industrial practice. There has also been a continuous drive to develop entirely new processes, and to diversify the applications of these metals. The paper reviews the present status and the emerging trends, and places the Indian work in the global perspective

Prediction and Analysis of Rain Attenuation using ARIMA Model at Low Latitude Tropical Station

ABSTRACT: Rain attenuation is one of the important impairments that affects RF signal at Ku and Ka band frequencies. The forecasting of the rainfall and rain attenuation plays a vital role in the fields of communications, agriculture, military services, etc. The paper shows the results of experimentally measured rain attenuation of earthspace link in Kondapalli operating at 11.07 GHz. Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model is used to predict and generate the time series values for rain attenuation over a long period. The predicted values obtained using ARIMA model is compared with measured values of rain attenuation for different set of parameters of the model and analysis is done in terms of prediction error which could be used for the validation of the method. Keywords: Rain attenuation, ARIMA model, ITU-R model, Time series, ccdf. I.INTRODUCTION Satellite communication systems operating at and above Ku band frequencies must overcome the problem of propagation impairments which includes fading due to rain, clouds, snow, gases, and amplitude scintillations, for obtaining the required performance. Among all impairments, rain is the predominant factor that affects the signal most and the mechanism involved is absorption and scattering of the signal energy. The estimation of attenuation on the slant path to a satellite is essential to the process of establishing a margin in the link budget that ensures the required availability of the link is met Number of models have been proposed and developed for prediction and generation of time series data of rain attenuation based on auto-regressive moving average processes A. ITU-R Rain Attenuation Prediction Model Rain attenuation is the significant propagation impairment at Ku and Ka band frequencies. In ITU-R rain attenuation prediction model, the rain intensity at 0.01% probability level is the rain related input to the model. The model has been derived on the basis of the log-normal distribution where both point rain intensity and path attenuation distributions conform to the log-normal distribution. The model is applicable across the frequency range 4 to 35 GHz and percentage probability range 0.001% to 10%. The input parameters to this model are: point rainfall rate for 0.01% of an average year (in mm/hr) with 1-min integration time, altitude of the location above mean sea level (in Km), elevation angle of the receiver (in degrees)

Heat stress-induced localization of small heat shock proteins in mouse myoblasts: intranuclear lamin A/C speckles as target for αB-crystallin and Hsp25

We examined the effect of heat stress on localization of two sHsps, αB-crystallin and Hsp25, and of Hsc70, a member of a different class of heat shock proteins (Hsps), in both undifferentiated and differentiated mouse C2C12 cells. Under normal conditions, αB-crystallin and Hsp25 are found in the cytoplasm; only αB-crystallin is also found in the nucleus, distributed in a speckled pattern. Hsc70 is found to be homogeneously distributed throughout the cell. On heat stress, all these proteins translocate almost entirely into the nucleus and upon recovery relocate to the cytoplasm. Dual staining experiments using C2C12 myoblasts show that αB-crystallin and Hsp25, but not Hsc70, colocalize with the intranuclear lamin A/C and the splicing factor SC-35, suggesting interactions of sHsps and intranuclear lamin A/C. Interestingly, none of these proteins are found in the myotube nuclei. Upon heat stress, only Hsc70 translocates into the myotube nuclei. This differential entry of αB-crystallin and Hsp25 into the nuclei of myoblasts and myotubes upon heat stress may have functional role in the development and/or in the maintenance of muscle cells. Our study therefore suggests that these sHsps may be a part of the intranuclear lamin A/C network or stabilizing this specific network

Integrating hydro and wind resources for effective congestion management in a hybrid electricity market

Abstract Congestion management in deregulated electricity systems threatens system security and reliability. Integration of renewable energy sources, unpredictable wind power, load demand, and the requirement for quickly deployable reserves make congestion management more difficult. While deciding the dispatch of the generating units, many factors have to be considered for the economic, secure, and reliable operation of the power system. This study presents a congestion management strategy that has been developed specifically for hybrid power systems. Within a pool and bilateral power supply market structure, it introduces a generator rescheduling-based congestion management technique. Ensuring safe bilateral transactions between these companies is crucial. Renewable sources affect congestion management dynamics, according to the research. The optimization issue includes operational limitations for scenarios with and without renewable source units. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) was used to sample hourly wind speed from the Weibull PDF wind model. GAMS CONOPT solver used the model. General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS)-MATLAB interface imported the model into MATLAB to extract the response. The best combination of renewable sources is 2 hydro + 1 wind unit as savings of congestion cost are $1403.6/h and$1855.18/h in case 1 (3-line congestion) and case 2 (2-line congestion), respectively. Results were accomplished by updating the IEEE-24 bus reliability test system with hydro and wind generators