THE PRINCIPLES OF GOOD FARM PRACTICE IN CALF FATTENING

U organiziranom intenzivnom tovu teladi i junadi enzootska bronhopneumonija goveda kolikogod je stari problem iznova je i novi. Njezina pojava uzrokuje ozbiljne gubitke u govedarstvu ne samo u Hrvatskoj već i u govedarski razvijenim zemljama svijeta. Za sprečavanje pojave ove bolesti bitno je primjenjivati načela dobre farmerske prakse što ga čini obrazac ponašanja počevši od otkupa teladi, prijevoza, smještaja, hranidbe do specifičnih veterinarskih zahvata. Opisani slučaj samo je još jedan u nizu sličnih primjera iz prakse poznate etiologije, patogeneze te specifične i nespecifične profilakse, te pretpostavljene štete glede isplativosti tova. Korištenje spoznaja zootehničkog kompleksa, procjene rizika, simuliranja bolesti i drugih epizootioloških metoda u rutinskoj veterinarskoj praksi moglo bi dati odgovor na pitanje o isplativosti tova općenito, baš kao i o opravdanosti preventive ili terapije.In organized intensive calf and bull fattening enzootic bronchopneumonia of cattle has always been a problem. It causes serious losses in cattle-raising, not only in Croatia but also in more developed cattle industries. To prevent this disease from appearing it is important to practice the principles of good farm practice, in the purchase of calves, their transportation, housing, feeding and specific veterinary procedures. The described case is just one of many similar examples from the practices of etiology, pathogenesis and specific and non-specific prophylaxis, but presumed damage, concerning calf-fattening profitability. By the use of insight in zootechnical complexes, risk estimating, disease simulation and other epizootiological methods in routine veterinary practice an answer could be given concerning calf-fattening profitability in general, as well as justifiability of prevention or therapy

OF THE RAT-TAIL MAGOTS (DIPTERA: SYRPHYDAE) FOUND IN THE ORGANS OF DEAD ANIMALS AND FARM ANIMAL HOUSING ENVIRONMENT

U debelom crijevu uginule svinje i plućima uginule krave utvrđene su ličinke insekta cilindričnog oblika, duge 2-2,5 cm, širine s produžetkom u obliku repa (dišna cijev). Na osnovi generalne morfologije determinirali smo ih kao „rat-tail“ ličinke iz roda Eristalis (Diptera: Syrphidae). Ličinke istih morfoloških obilježja pojavile su se u svinjcu malog obiteljskog gospodarstva, koje po nekim podacima mogu uzrokovati mijaze u ljudi i životinja. U ranim jutarnjim satima gmizale su po vlažnom prolazu svinjca. Nepokretne i slabo pokretne ličinke našli smo u tamnim kutovima svinjca, kao i u gnojištu izvan svinjca. Muhe, koje smo zamijetili na zidu svinjca uz gnojište, a po svojim vanjskim obilježjima su nalik pčelama, svrstali smo u familiju Syrphidae na osnovi karakterističnog «crteža» vena.Cylindrical insect larvae 2-2.5 cm long with a posterior telescopic breathing tube were found in the large intestine of a dead pig and in the lungs of a dead cow. Based on general morphology, the larvae were identified as rat-tail maggots of the genus Eristalis (Diptera: Syrphidae), the agents causing accidental myiasis in animals and humans. Larvae of the same morphological characteristics were detected in the hog pen of a small family farm, creeping along the humid hog pen entrance passage early in the morning. Immobile or slowly moving larvae were found in the dark and dusty corners of the hog pen and in the manure pit outside the hog pen. Based on the characteristic vein pattern, the bee-like flies observed on the vertical wall of the manure pit were identified as the family Syrphidae

THE PRINCIPLES OF GOOD FARM PRACTICE IN CALF FATTENING

U organiziranom intenzivnom tovu teladi i junadi enzootska bronhopneumonija goveda kolikogod je stari problem iznova je i novi. Njezina pojava uzrokuje ozbiljne gubitke u govedarstvu ne samo u Hrvatskoj već i u govedarski razvijenim zemljama svijeta. Za sprečavanje pojave ove bolesti bitno je primjenjivati načela dobre farmerske prakse što ga čini obrazac ponašanja počevši od otkupa teladi, prijevoza, smještaja, hranidbe do specifičnih veterinarskih zahvata. Opisani slučaj samo je još jedan u nizu sličnih primjera iz prakse poznate etiologije, patogeneze te specifične i nespecifične profilakse, te pretpostavljene štete glede isplativosti tova. Korištenje spoznaja zootehničkog kompleksa, procjene rizika, simuliranja bolesti i drugih epizootioloških metoda u rutinskoj veterinarskoj praksi moglo bi dati odgovor na pitanje o isplativosti tova općenito, baš kao i o opravdanosti preventive ili terapije.In organized intensive calf and bull fattening enzootic bronchopneumonia of cattle has always been a problem. It causes serious losses in cattle-raising, not only in Croatia but also in more developed cattle industries. To prevent this disease from appearing it is important to practice the principles of good farm practice, in the purchase of calves, their transportation, housing, feeding and specific veterinary procedures. The described case is just one of many similar examples from the practices of etiology, pathogenesis and specific and non-specific prophylaxis, but presumed damage, concerning calf-fattening profitability. By the use of insight in zootechnical complexes, risk estimating, disease simulation and other epizootiological methods in routine veterinary practice an answer could be given concerning calf-fattening profitability in general, as well as justifiability of prevention or therapy

PREVALENCE COCCIDIA OF THE GENUS EIMERIA IN CATTLE IN CROATIA

Proširenost oocista kokcidija iz roda Eimeria istražena je na 641 uzorku fecesa goveda. U istraživanje su uključene krave s 8 mliječnih i 6 farmi tovne junadi s različitih područja Hrvatske. Oociste kokcidija iz roda Eimeria uzvrđene su u 14,19% životinja. Dominantne eimerie su E. bovis i E. zurnii. U manjem broju zastupljene su slabije patogene kokcidije. Eimeria bovis utvrđena je u 12,01% a E. zurnii u 4,36 % uzoraka fecesa. Eimeria bovis prisutna je u 13 (92,85%) od 14 objekata, a E. zurnii u 8 (57,14%) od 14 objekata. Najveći broj životinja invadiran je s jednom vrstom, a najmanji broj životinja s tri vrste eimeria. Utvrđeno je da u 550 (85,80%) (n= 641) pretražene životinje nisu utvrđene oociste kokcidija. Oociste kokcidija iz roda Eimeria jače su proširene na farmama tovne junadi nego na farmama mliječnih krava. Češća je pojava E. bovis u odnosu na E. zurnii, kako u mliječnih krava tako i u tovljenih goveda. Jače su invadirana telad do godinu dana u odnosu na životinje iznad godinu dana.Oocysts prevalence of Eimeria coccidia was investigated on 641 faecal samples of cattle. The study involved cows from 8 dairy farms and 6 beef cattle farms from different Croatian region. Eimeria oocysts were determined in 14.19% of the animals. Dominant Eimeria were E. bovis and E. zurnii. In a small percentage were represented less pathogenic coccidia. E. bovis was found in 12.01% and E. zurnii in 4.36% feces samples. E bovis is present in 13 (92.85%) of 14 objects, and E. zurnii in 8 (57.14%) of 14 objects. The largest number of animals was infested with one species, the smallest number of animals with three species of Eimeria. It was found that 550 examined animals (85.80%) (n = 641) showed no coccidia oocysts. Eimeria coccidia oocysts have been expanded more on beef cattle farms than on dairy farms. The frequent occurrence of E. bovis in relation to E. zurnii, both in dairy cows as well as in fattening cattle. Calves up to one year are stronger infested in comparison with animals over a year

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE

Autori ovog članka ističu tri razloga zašto promicati ulogu veterine u kontekstu stočarske proizvodnje. To su: 1) očuvati veterini autoritet i omogućiti prosperitet, 2) podupirati zaokret stočarstva od proizvodnje orijentirane na količinu ka proizvodnji okrenutoj kvaliteti s dodatnom brigom za okoliš i dobrobit životinja i 3) pomoći stvaranju povoljnih uvjeta za realizaciju prisegom danih obećanja: «Neću dopustiti da se, niti pod prijetnjom, moje veterinarsko znanje iskoristi suprotno načelima veterinarske etike i humanosti. Sve svoje snage uložit ću da svoje znanje stečeno na ovom fakultetu i dalje teoretskim i praktičnim radom produbljujem i razvijam, kako bih mogao što više pridonijeti boljem i ljepšem životu svog naroda». Nakon kratkog povijesnog pregleda razvoja veterinarstva i stočarstva autori upućuju na potrebu proširenja veterinarske djelatnosti s područja zaštite zdravlja životinja na područje osiguranja higijene i kvalitete životinjskih namirnica. Također naglašavaju nužnost normizacije, ali ne samo njezine primjene u tehničkom smislu, nego i u obliku šire naobrazbe o sve zahtjevnijim standardima.The authors of this paper stress three reasons why to promote the role of veterinary medicine in stockbreeding. They are: 1) to maintain veterinary authority and to facilitate prosperity, 2) to support stockbreeding swerve from production oriented on quantity to production oriented on quality with extra concern for the environment and animal welfare and 3) to help make good conditions for realisation of promises given by oath: « I will not allow, even under threat, my veterinary knowledge to be used contrary to veterinary ethics and humanity. I will develop all my energy and knowledge in theoretically and pratically, to contribute to better life of my people». After a short history of veterinary and stockbreeding development authors stress the need for extending veterinary activity from the area of animal health protection to hygiene and quality of foodstuff of animal origin. The authors also emphasite onthe necesity of setting standards, not only in the technical, but also in the educational sense

Zdravstveno stanje jelena i srna u Gorskom kotaru u Hrvatskoj.

To determine the general health status of the main prey species of wolf (Canis lupus) and lynx (Lynx lynx), we examined 66 cervids (41 red deer - Cervus elaphus and 25 roe deer - Capreolus capreolus), shot in two hunting areas of Gorski kotar during the hunting season in 2007. We collected a total of 687 organ samples of shot deer, where 472 samples belonged to red deer and 215 samples to roe deer. Analyses were performed for various parasite invasions, non specific bacterial infections and for three specific bacteria. In five (12.2%) samples of red deer and seven (17.1%) roe deer, we determined the presence of Streptococcus sp. Specific tests for Mycobacterium sp., Brucella sp. and Leptospira sp. were all negative. The prevalence of Dictyocaulus spp., Ostertagia spp. and Elaphostrongylus cervi in red deer was 29.3%, 17.1% and 14.6%, respectively. The prevalence of Chabertia ovina, Ostertagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. in roe deer was 36.0%, 24.0% and 20.0%, respectively. The estimated number of red deer and roe deer in the hunting areas Smrekova Draga (182 km2) and Bjelolasica (303 km2) in the management year 2007-2008 were 430 and 290 respectively, with densities of 236 and 148 individuals per 100 km2. The low prevalence of parasite invasions and the absence of serious bacterial infections were the consequences of low ungulate densities, and the presence of large carnivores - predators that quickly eliminate animals weakened by disease.Za određivanje općega zdravstvenoga stanja glavnih vrsta plijena vuka (Canis lupus) i risa (Lynx lynx), pretraženo je 66 cervida (41 jelen - Cervus elaphus i 25 srna - Capreolus capreolus), odstrijeljenih u dva lovišta na području Gorskoga kotara tijekom lovne sezone u 2007. godini. Sakupljeno je ukupno 687 uzoraka organa, od čega je 427 bilo od jelena, a 215 od srna. Provedene su pretrage na razne parazitske invazije, nespecifične bakterijske infekcije, te za tri specifične bakterijske infekcije. U pet (12,2%) uzoraka jelena i sedam (17,1%) srna bio je prisutan Streptococcus sp. Testovi na Mycobacterium sp., Brucella sp. i Leptospira sp. bili su negativni. Zastupljenost parazita Dictyocaulus spp., Ostertagia spp. i Elaphostrongylus cervi u jelena bila je 29,3%, 17,1%, odnosno 14,6%. Zastupljenost parazita Chabertia ovina, Ostertagia spp. i Trichostrongylus spp. u srna bila je 36,0%, 24,0% odnosno 20,0%. Procijenjeni broj jelena i srna u lovištima Smrekova Draga (182 km2) i Bjelolasica (303 km2) u lovnoj godini 2007./2008. bio je 430 odnosno 290, s gustoćama od 236 i 148 jedinki na 100 km2. Niska zastupljenost parazitarnih invazija i odsutnost ozbiljnijih bakterijskih zaraza, bile su posljedica niske gustoće parnoprstaša i prisutnosti velikih zvijeri - grabežljivaca koji hitro uklanjaju životinje oslabljene bolešću